Magnetoelectric Polymer-Based Composites: Fundamentals and Applications

The first book on this topic provides a comprehensive and well-structured overview of the fundamentals, synthesis and emerging applications of magnetoelectric polymer materials. Following an introduction to the basic aspects of polymer based magnetoelectric materials and recent developments, subsequent chapters discuss the various types as well as their synthesis and characterization. There then follows a review of the latest applications, such as memories, sensors and actuators. The book concludes with a look at future technological advances. An essential reference for entrants to the field as well as for experienced researchers.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors xi Preface and Acknowledgments xv 1 Magnetoelectric Effect of Functional Materials: Theoretical Analysis,Modeling, and Experiment 1 Jia-Wei Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo, Xiao Chen, and Rui-Tong Liu 1.1 Introduction of Magnetoelectric Effect 1 1.1.1 Single-Phase Magnetoelectric Materials 1 1.1.2 Multiphase Materials 2 1.2 Applications of Magnetoelectric Effect 2 1.2.1 Magnetoelectric Sensors 3 1.2.2 Magnetoelectric Transducer 3 1.2.3 Magnetoelectric Microwave Devices 4 1.3 Magnetoelectric Effect of Piezoelectric Ceramic 4 1.4 Magnetoelectric Effect in Insulating Polymers 7 1.5 Conclusion 11 Acknowledgments 11 References 11 2 Materials Selection, Processing, and Characterization Technologies 13 JingMa, Lu Song, Chen Liu, and Chengzhou Xin 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Materials Selection and Processing 14 2.2.1 Polymer as the Piezoelectric/Ferroelectric Phase 15 2.2.2 Piezoelectric Polymer as the Matrix 17 2.2.3 Non-piezoelectric Polymer as the Active Matrix 18 2.2.4 Polymer as the Binder 18 2.3 Characterization Technologies 19 2.3.1 Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Characterization 19 2.3.1.1 Piezoelectric Characterization 19 2.3.1.2 Ferroelectric Characterization 20 2.3.2 Magnetostrictive and Magnetism Characterization 22 2.3.2.1 MagnetismMeasurement 23 2.3.2.2 MagnetostrictionMeasurement 26 2.3.3 Characterization of Magnetoelectric Coupling 27 2.3.3.1 Direct Magnetoelectric Coupling 27 2.3.3.2 Converse Magnetoelectric Coupling 30 2.4 Concluding Remarks 34 Acknowledgments 34 References 34 3 Types of Polymer-BasedMagnetoelectric Materials 45 3a Laminates 47 Marco Silva, PedroMartins, and Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez 3a.1 Introduction 47 3a.2 Laminated Magnetoelectric Composites 47 3a.3 Piezoelectric Phase for Magnetoelectric Laminates 53 3a.3.1 PVDF and Its Copolymers 53 3a.3.2 Diamines 54 3.4a Magnetostrictive Phase for Magnetoelectric Laminates 55 3a.4.1 Metglas 55 3a.4.2 VITROVAC 57 3a.4.3 Terfenol-D 57 3.5a Bonding Agent for Magnetoelectric Laminates 57 3a.6 Structures for Magnetoelectric Laminates 58 3a.7 Limitations and Remaining Challenges 59 Acknowledgments 59 References 60 3b Polymer-BasedMagnetoelectric Composites: Polymer as a Binder 65 Yang Song, De’an Pan, Zhijun Zuo, and Alex Alexei Volinsky 3b.1 Introduction 65 3b.2 Polymer-Based Tb1−xDyxFe2−y by MagneticWarm Compaction 66 3b.2.1 Experiment for MagneticWarm Compaction 66 3b.2.2 Results and Discussion of MagneticWarm Compaction 67 3b.2.3 Conclusions for MagneticWarm Compaction 70 3b.3 Multifaceted Magnetoelectric Composites 70 3b.3.1 Experiment for Multifaceted Magnetoelectric Composites 70 3b.3.2 Results and Discussion for Multifaceted Magnetoelectric Composites 70 3b.3.3 Conclusions for Multifaceted Magnetoelectric Composites 73 3b.4 Bonded Cylindrical Composites 73 3b.4.1 Experiment for Bonded Cylindrical Composites 73 3b.4.2 Results and Discussion for Bonded Cylindrical Composites 74 3b.4.3 Conclusions for Bonded Cylindrical Composites 76 3b.5 Multi-electrode Cylinder Composites 77 3b.5.1 Experiment for Multi-electrode Cylinder Composites 77 3b.5.2 Results and Discussion for Multi-electrode Cylinder Composites 78 3b.5.3 Conclusions for Multi-electrode Cylinder Composites 81 3b.6 Polymer Content and Particle Size Effects 81 3b.6.1 Experiment for Polymer Content and Particle Size Effects 81 3b.6.2 Results and Discussion for Polymer Content and Particle Size Effects 81 3b.6.3 Conclusions for Polymer Content and Particle Size Effects 83 Acknowledgments 84 References 84 3c Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-BasedMagnetoelectric Polymer Nanocomposite Films 87 Thandapani Prabhakaran and Jawaharlal Hemalatha 3c.1 Introduction 87 3c.2 Ferroelectric Polymers 89 3c.2.1 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) 90 3c.2.2 Crystallization of β-Phase PVDF 91 3c.2.2.1 By Solvent 91 3c.2.2.2 By the Temperature 91 3c.2.2.3 Electric Poling on PVDF 92 3c.3 The Selection of Magnetic Nanofillers 93 3c.4 ExperimentalMethods 94 3c.4.1 Materials 94 3c.4.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 95 3c.4.3 Fabrication of ME Polymer Nanocomposites 95 3c.5 Characterization 96 3c.5.1 IR Vibrational Studies 96 3c.5.2 Surface Analysis on the Composites 98 3c.5.3 Magnetic Studies on MPNCs 100 3c.5.4 Correlation of F(;;) with Ferroelectric Parameters 102 3c.5.5 Magnetoelectric Effect in MPNCs 102 3c.6 Summary 107 3c.7 Future Directions 108 Acknowledgments 109 References 109 4 Low-Dimensional Polymer-BasedMagnetoelectric Structures 115 Renato Gonçalves, Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez, and Pedro Martins 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Magnetoelectric Spheres 117 4.3 Magnetoelectric Fibers 118 4.4 MagnetoelectricMembranes 119 4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 120 Acknowledgments 121 References 122 5 Design of Magnetostrictive Nanoparticles for Magnetoelectric Composites 125 Victor Sebastian 5.1 Introduction 125 5.1.1 Magnetoelectric Composites 125 5.1.2 Magnetostriction and Magnetostrictive Materials 126 5.1.3 Ferromagnetic Ferrites 129 5.1.4 Ferroelectric Perovskites 131 5.2 Synthesis Approaches to Produce Magnetostrictive Nanoparticles for Magnetoelectric Composites 132 5.2.1 Top-Down Production Approaches 133 5.2.1.1 Mechanosynthesis or Mechanical Attrition 133 5.2.1.2 Mechanical Alloying 134 5.2.1.3 Inert-Gas Condensation Approach 134 5.2.2 Bottom-Up Production Approaches 135 5.2.2.1 Solid-State Reaction 135 5.2.2.2 Pyrolysis 136 5.2.2.3 Wet-Chemical Approaches 137 5.3 Summary and Future Perspectives 145 Acknowledgments 146 References 146 6 Applications of Polymer-BasedMagnetoelectric Materials 153 6a Sensors, Actuators, Antennas, andMemories 155 Sílvia Reis,Marco Silva, PedroMartins, and Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez 6a.1 Introduction 155 6a.2 Polymer-Based Magnetoelectric Sensors 156 6a.3 Polymer-Based Magnetoelectric Actuators 159 6a.4 Polymer-Based Magnetoelectric Antennas 161 6a.5 Polymer-Based MagnetoelectricMemories 164 6a.6 Opportunities, Limitations, and Remaining Challenges 165 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 6b Magnetoelectric Composites for Bionics Applications 171 Tian Zheng, Yan Zong, Zhilian Yue, Gordon G.Wallace, andMichael J. Higgins 6b.1 Introduction 171 6b.2 Bionics 171 6b.2.1 Implantable Electrode Devices 171 6b.2.2 Organic Electrode Materials 172 6b.2.3 New Opportunities for Advanced Electrical Stimulation 173 6b.3 Cell Interactions and Electrical Stimulation 175 6b.3.1 Synthetic Polymer-Based ME 175 6b.3.2 Nanostructured and Nanoscale ME Materials 177 6b.3.3 ME Concept for Electrical Stimulation of Cells 179 6b.4 Future Biomaterials for ME Composites 180 6b.4.1 Piezoelectric DNA, Proteins, and Microorganisms 180 6b.4.2 ME Biopolymers: Cellulose 182 6b.5 Characterization Tools for Nanoscale ME 184 6b.5.1 Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) 184 6b.5.2 Bio-Atomic Force Microscopy (Bio-AFM) 187 Acknowledgments 188 References 189 6c Energy Harvesting 197 Chess Boughey and Sohini Kar-Narayan 6c.1 Introduction 197 6c.2 Magnetoelectric Composites for Energy Harvesting 198 6c.2.1 Magnetostrictive Effect in Ferromagnetic Materials 200 6c.2.2 Piezoelectricity in Polymers 201 6c.2.3 Key Parameters, Equations, and Figures of Merit 205 6c.2.4 Magnetoelectric Effect in Piezoelectric–Ferromagnetic Composites 208 6c.3 Energy-Harvesting Devices Based on Magnetoelectric Composites 211 6c.4 Conclusion 212 References 215 6d High-Temperature Polymers for Magnetoelectric Applications 225 AlbertoMaceiras, José Luis Vilas, and LuisManuel León 6d.1 Introduction 225 6d.2 Types of Piezoelectric Polymers 226 6d.2.1 Piezocomposites 226 6d.2.2 Ferroelectrets 226 6d.2.3 Bulk Piezoelectric Polymers 229 6d.2.3.1 Semicrystalline Piezoelectric Polymers 229 6d.2.3.2 Amorphous Piezoelectric Polymers 235 6d.3 ME Effect Using Piezoelectric Polyimides 240 6d.4 Summary and Conclusions 241 References 242 7 Open Questions, Challenges, and Perspectives 255 PedroMartins and Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez References 258 Index 259

About the Author :
S. Lanceros-Mendez graduated in physics at the University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain. He obtained his PhD degree at the Institute of Physics of the Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Germany. He was Research Scholar at Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA and visiting scientist at the, Pennsylvania State University, USA and University of Potsdam, among others. Since 2016 he is Ikerbasque Professor at the BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Derio, Spain. He is Associate Professor at the Physics Department of the University of Minho, Portugal (on leave), where he belongs to the Center of Physics. From 2012 to 2014 he was also Associate Researcher at the INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory. His work is focused in the area of smart materials for sensors and actuators, energy and biomedical applications. Pedro Martins graduated in Physics and Chemistry in 2006 and received the PhD degree in Physics in 2012, both from the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. From 2012 to 2014 he was also Visiting Researcher at the INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory. He is now a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and his work is focused on polymer-based magnetoelectric materials and electroactive polymers for advanced technological applications. He collaborates with the Basque Country University, Spain; Wollongong University, Australia and Cambridge University, United Kingdom, among others.