Handbook of Mechanical Nanostructuring

Providing in-depth information on how to obtain high-performance materials by controlling their nanostructures, this ready reference covers both the bottom-up and the top-down approaches to the synthesis and processing of nanostructured materials. The focus is on advanced methods of mechanical nanostructuring such as severe plastic deformation, including high pressure torsion, equal channel angular processing, cyclic extrusion compression, accumulative roll bonding, and surface mechanical attrition treatment. As such, the contents are inherently application-oriented, with the methods presented able to be easily integrated into existing production processes. In addition, the structure-property relationships and ways of influencing the nanostructure in order to exhibit a desired functionality are reviewed in detail. The whole is rounded off by a look at future directions, followed by an overview of applications in various fields of structural and mechanical engineering. With its solutions for successful processing of complex-shaped workpieces and large-scale specimens with desired properties, this is an indispensable tool for purposeful materials design.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors XIX Preface XXXI Part I Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 1 1 Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials 3 Pasquale Cavaliere 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Static Properties 5 1.3 Wear Properties 10 1.4 Fatigue Properties 11 1.5 Crack Behavior 12 1.6 Conclusions 14 References 15 2 Superior Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Light Metallic Materials and Their Innovation Potential 17 Maxim Murashkin, Ilchat Sabirov, Nariman Enikeev, and Ruslan Valiev 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Nanostructuring of Light Metallic Materials Using SPD Methods 19 2.3 Superior Mechanical Strength of NS Light Metals and Alloys 20 2.4 Fatigue Behavior of NS Light Metals 24 2.5 Innovation Potential and Application of the NS Light Metals and Alloys 26 2.6 Conclusions 29 Acknowledgments 29 References 29 3 Understanding the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Bainite 35 Carlos Garcia-Mateo and Francisca G. Caballero 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 NANOBAIN: Significant Extension of the Bainite Transformation Theory 35 3.3 Microstructural Characterization of Nanostructured Bainitic Steels 46 3.4 Understanding the Advanced Bainitic Steel Mechanical Properties 50 3.5 Summary 58 Acknowledgments 58 References 59 4 Inherent Strength of Nano-Polycrystalline Materials 67 Tatjana I. Mazilova, Igor M. Mikhailovskij, and Evgenij V. Sadanov 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 High-field Tensile Testing 69 4.3 Tensile Strength of Nanosized Monocrystals 70 4.4 Inherent Strength of Bicrystals 74 4.5 Conclusions 77 References 78 5 State-of-the-Art Optical Microscopy and AFM-Based Property Measurement of Nanostructure Materials 81 Yangjie Wei, Chengdong Wu, and Zaili Dong 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Applications of Optical Microscopy and AFM 87 5.3 New Developments of Optical Microscopy and AFM Techniques 94 5.4 Conclusion 110 References 111 6 Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Bulk Nanostructured Cu and Cu-Based Alloys Produced by SPD 115 Wei Wei, Kun XiaWei, Qing Bo Du, Fanil F. Musin, Jing Hu, and Igor V. Alexandrov 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Microstructure and Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Bulk Nanostructured Cu Produced by SPD 117 6.3 Bulk Nanostructured Precipitation-Hardenable Cu–Cr Alloys from SPD 121 6.4 Bulk Nanostructured Cu–Cr In Situ Fibrous Composites Produced by SPD 128 6.5 Perspectives for Industrial Applications of SPD to Produce Bulk Nanostructured Cu and Cu-Based Alloys with High Strength and High Electrical Conductivity 136 6.6 Conclusion 137 Acknowledgements 138 References 138 7 Mechanical Properties and Dislocation Boundary Mechanisms during Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) 143 Marcello Cabibbo 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Strength Contributions to Yield Stress 148 7.3 Model Validation: Case Study 151 7.4 General Remarks and Prospects 159 References 160 8 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles: Characterization by In situ Nanoindentation Inside a Transmission Electron Microscope 163 Lucile Joly-Pottuz, Emilie Calvie, Julien Rethorie, Sylvain Meille, Claude Esnouf, Jerome Chevalier, and Karine Masenelli-Varlot 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 In situ TEM Nanoindentation Developments 164 8.3 Examples of In situ Nanoindentation Tests on Nanoparticles 169 8.4 Data Processing 170 8.5 Interest of Simulation on the Data Processing 174 8.6 Conclusion 177 References 178 9 Improved Mechanical Properties by Nanostructuring – Specific Considerations under Dynamic Load Conditions 181 Anne Jung, Stefan Diebels, and Erhardt Lach 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 General Considerations for Nanostructured Bulk Materials 182 9.3 Nanoparticle-Strengthened Nanometal–Matrix Composites 190 9.4 Improved Mechanical Properties by Nanostructured Coatings 200 9.5 Conclusion 206 References 206 10 Mechanical Properties of Bio-Nanostructured Materials 211 Parvez Alam 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 Types of Nanostructured Composites 212 10.3 Surface Effects 212 10.4 Biopolymer Nanocrystals and the Benefits of Hydrogen Bonding 215 10.5 Nanointerlocking Mechanisms 218 10.6 Methods for Determining the Nanomechanical Properties of Materials 223 10.7 Conclusions 230 References 231 Part II Mechanical Nanostructuring Methods 235 11 SPD Processes – Methods for Mechanical Nanostructuring 237 Radim Kocich and Pavel Lukaic 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Classification of SPD Methods 238 11.3 HPT (High-Pressure Torsion) 240 11.4 ECAP (Equal-Channel Angular Pressing) 241 11.5 Development of the ECAP Technique 243 11.6 HPT Development 247 11.7 ECAP Development 248 11.8 FEM Simulation of SPD Processes 250 11.9 Materials for SPD Techniques 252 11.10 Conclusion 257 Acknowledgments 258 References 258 12 Mechanical Alloying/Milling 263 Fatma Hadef and Amara Otmani 12.1 Introduction 263 12.2 History and Development 264 12.3 Milling Process 265 12.4 Mechanism of Mechanical Alloying/Milling 265 12.5 Process Variables 268 12.6 Summary 274 References 274 13 Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) 277 Balasubramanian Ravisankar 13.1 Introduction 277 13.2 Die Design and Modifications 278 13.3 Influence of External and Internal Parameters 282 13.4 ECAP of Aluminum and Its Alloys 284 13.5 ECAP of Copper 287 13.6 ECAP of Titanium 290 13.7 ECAP of Magnesium and Steels 293 13.8 ECAP for Consolidation of Powders 294 13.9 Suitability for Large-Scale Production 295 13.10 Summary 295 References 296 14 Severe Shot Peening to Obtain Nanostructured Surfaces: Process and Properties of the Treated Surfaces 299 Sara Bagherifard, Ines Fernandez-Pariente, Ramin Ghelichi, and Mario Guagliano 14.1 Introduction 299 14.2 Surface Characterization of Materials Treated by Severe Shot Peening 304 14.3 Mechanical Properties of Materials Treated by Severe Shot Peening 311 14.4 Potential Biomedical Applications of SSP 316 14.5 Conclusions 319 References 320 15 Nanocrystallization by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment 325 Hamidreza Bagheri, Morteza Gheytani, Hamidreza Masiha, Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, and Alireza Sabour Rouhaghdam 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Classification of Nanocrystalline Materials 326 15.3 Techniques for Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials 328 15.4 Surface Nanocrystallization Mechanisms 343 15.5 Conclusions 370 References 370 16 Fabrication of Nanostructured Materials by Mechanical Milling 379 Debasis Chaira and Swapan Kumar Karak 16.1 Introduction 379 16.2 Preamble 380 16.3 Historical Background of Mechanical Alloying 380 16.4 Reaction Milling/Mechanochemical Process 382 16.5 Formation Mechanism of Nanostructures by Milling 383 16.6 Milling Equipment 386 16.7 Processing Variables in Milling 390 16.8 Wet versus Dry Milling 395 16.9 Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials by Milling 397 16.10 Scope and Mechanism of Nanostructured Materials Synthesized by Milling 400 16.11 Densification of Nanocrystalline Powders 401 16.12 Defects in Mechanically Alloyed Powders 409 16.13 Conclusions 411 Acknowledgments 411 References 412 Contents to Volume 2 List of Contributors XV Preface XXVII 17 Ultrasonic Impact Treatment – An Effective Method for Nanostructuring the Surface Layers in Metallic Materials 417 Bohdan N. Mordyuk and Georgiy I. Prokopenko 18 Metal Nanostructuring through Cryodeformation under All-Round Compression 435 Pavel A. Khaimovich 19 Application of Milling in Synthesizing Nanostructured Metal Matrix Composite Powder 449 Mohammad R. Allazadeh and Csaba Balazsi 20 Synthesis and Properties of Nanostructured Powders by Milling Process 471 Sonia Azzaza and Mohamed Bououdina 21 Nanostructures fromReactive High-Energy Ball Milling 493 Brian S. Mitchell Part III: Application and Development of Mechanical Nanostructuring 511 22 The Mechanochemical Route to Nanoscale 513 Francesco Delogu and Carlo Ricci 23 Cavitation Disintegration of Powder Microparticles 533 Richard Dvorsky and Jana Trojkova 24 Unique Properties of Metal Nanomaterials for Gems and Jewelry Applications 551 Prompong Pienpinijtham and Pimthong Thongnopkun 25 Hybrid Processing of Electroceramic Composites Involving High-Energy Ball Milling 577 Hongfang Zhang, Ling Bing Kong, Helen L.-W. Chan, Chee-Leung Mak, Xi Yao, Yu Wang, and ZhiGang Chen 26 Development and Application of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Technique for Grain Refinement of Nanocrystalline Materials 613 Sanusi K. Oladele and Afolabi A. Samuel 27 Polar Oxide Nanopowders Prepared by Mechanical Treatments 641 Jurij Koruza, Tadej Rojac, and Barbara Malic 28 High-Energy Ball Milling as a General Tool for Nanomaterials Synthesis and Processing 663 Marzia Pentimalli, Mariangela Bellusci, and Franco Padella 29 Consolidation of Mechanically Alloyed Products/Powders 681 Debdas Roy 30 Surface Nanostructuring through a Technique Derived from Shot-Peening: Recent Advances 701 Constance Morel and Mario Guagliano 31 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices 717 Dandan Zhao and Hulin Li Index 735

About the Author :
Dr. Mahmood Aliofkhazraei is a researcher in the corrosion and surface engineering group at the Tarbiat Modares University. Dr. Aliofkhazraei has received several honors, including the Khwarizmi award and the best young nanotechnologist award of his country. He is a member of the National Association of Surface Sciences, Iranian Corrosion Association, and National Elite Foundation of Iran. His research focuses on nanotechnology and its use in surface and corrosion science.