Biomechanics of Hard Tissues: Modeling, Testing, and Materials

This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage. A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

Table of Contents:
1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction The Structure of Living Organisms Growth of Living Organisms Ring-Shaped Grain Boundary Planarity of Biological Structures Microscopie Structure of the Bone Growth of the Bone Structure of the Body Macroscopic Structure of Skeleton Apatite in the Bone Structure of the Bone Microscopic Structure of the Bone General Osteon Bone Innervation Anatomy of Bone Innervation Bone Cells Cells Cell Membrane Membrane Transport Bone Cell Types Osteoclasts Cellular Image - OPG/RANK/RANKL Signaling System Osteoprotegerin RANK/RANKL TACE Bone Modeling and Remodeling Proteins and Amino Acids Collagen and Its Properties Molecular Structure Geometry of Triple Helix Polymer Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Ideal Chain Wormlike Chain Architecture of Biological Fibers Architecture of Collagen Fibers in Human Osteon Collagen Elasticity References Further Reading 2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS Introduction Mechanical Adaptation of Bone Constitutive Models Bone Constitutive Model Model of Preprosthetic Adaptation Model of Interfacial Adaptation Numerical Examples Final Remarks Acknowledgments References 3 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL Introduction Bone Phases Organic Mineral Physical Structure of Bone Material Water Bone Phase Material Properties Organic Matrix Mineral Phase Water Elastic Modulus of Composite Materials Bone as a Composite: Macroscopic Effects Bone as a Composite: Microscale Effects Bone as a Composite: Anisotropy Effects Bone as a Composite: Implications References 4 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGN Introduction Biological and Mechanobiological Factores in Bone Remodeling and Bone Fracture Healing Bone Remodeling Bone Fracture Healing Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design Models of Tissue Differentiation Application to Bone Fracture Healing Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Models to Implant Design Concluding Remarks References 5 BIOMECHANICAL TESTING OF ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS; ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY AND SIMULATION Introduction Tribological Testing of Orthopedic Implants Tribological Testing of Tissue from a Living Body Theoretical Analysis for Tribological Issues References 6 CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR FOR TRABECULAR BONE - CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHES Introduction Summy of Elasticity Theory and Continuum Mechanics Stress Tensor and Decomposition Invariants Constitutive Equations Linear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke's Law for Isotropic Materials Linear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke's Law for Orthotropic Materials Linear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke's Law for Orthotropic Materials with Cubic Structure Linear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke's Law for Transverse Isotropic Materials Plastic Behavior, Failure and Limit Surface The Structure of Trabecular Bone and Modeling Approaches Structural Analogies: Cellular Plastics and Materials Conclusions References 7 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATION Introduction Mechanical Stimulation on Cells Various Mechanical Stimulations Techniques for Applying Mechanical Loading Mechanotransduction Mechanical Influences on Stem Cell Magnetic Stimulation on Cells Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell Stimulation Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Magnetic Stimulation Magnetic Pulling Magnetic Twisting Limitation of Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell Stimulation Magnetic Stimulation and Cell Conditioning for Tissue Regeneration Summary References 8 Joint Replacement Implants Introduction Biomaterials for Joint Replacement Implants Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-Bearing Joints Introduction Hip Joint Replacement Knee Joint Replacement Ankle Joint Replacemen Methods of Fication for Weight-Bearing Joint Replacement Implants Joint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand and Wrist Introduction Finger Joint Replacement Wrist Joint Replacement Design of Joint Replacement Implants Introduction Feasibility Design Verification Manufacture Validation Design Transfer Design Changes Conlusions References 9 INTERSTITIAL FLUID MOVEMENT IN CORTICAL BONE TISSUE Introduction Arterial Supply Overview of the Arterial System in Bone Dynamics of the Arterial System Transcortical Arterial Hemodynamics The Arterial System in Small Animals May Be Different from That in Humans Microvascular Network of Cortical Bone Microvascular Network of Cortical Bone Venous Drainage of Bone Bone Lymphatics and Blood Vessel Trans-Wall Transport The Levels of Bone Porosity and Their Bone Interfaces The Vascular Porosity The Lacunar - Canalicular Porosity The Collagen - Hydroxyapatite Porosity Cancellous Bone Porosity The Interfaces between the Levels of Bone Porosity Interstitial Fluid Flow The Different Fluid Pressures in Long Bones (Blood Pressure, Interstitial Fluid Pressure, and Intramedullary Pressure) Interstitial Flow and Mechanosensation Electrokinetic Effects in Bone The Poroelastic Model for the Cortical Bone Interchange of Interstitial Fluid between the Vascular and Lacunar - Canalicular Porosites Implications for the Determination of the Permeabilites References 10 Bone Implant Design Using Optimization Methods Introduction Optimization Methods for Implant Desing Cemented Stems Uncemented Stems Design Requirements for a Cementless Hip Stem Implant Stability Stress Shielding Effect Multicriteria Formulation for Hip Stem Design Design Variables and Geometry Objective Function for Interface Displacement Objective Function for Interface Stress Objective Function for Bone Remodeling Multicriteria Objective Function Computational Model Optimization Algorithm Finite Element Model Optimal Geometries Analysis Optimal Geometry for Tangential Interfacial Displacement Optimal Geometry for Normal Contact Stress Optimal Geometry for Remodeling Multicriteria Optimal Geometries Long-Term Performance of Optimized Implants Concluding Remarks References INDEX

About the Author :
Andreas Ochsner is Professor in the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Technical University of Malaysia, Malaysia. Having obtained a Master Degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he spent the time from 1997-2003 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as a research and teaching assistant to obtain his PhD in Engineering Sciences. From 2003-2006, he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He has published over 140 research papers and organized three international conferences on diffusion in solids and liquids. Waqar Ahmed is Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the School of Computing, Technology and Applied Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Salford/Strathclyde and holds a certificate in business administration from the University of Warwick. Before pursuing his academic career he worked as an engineer and operations manager in various British companies. Waqar Ahmed acts as editor-in-chief for four international journals devoted to nanomanufacturing and biomaterials and as vice-president of the Society of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology.

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