Molecular Assembly of Biomimetic Systems

This handy reference details state-of-the-art preparation of molecular assemblies of biotechnologically relevant biomimetic systems (artificial proteins, peptides, molecular motors, photosensitive systems) with an emphasis on biomimetic membranes, capsules, and interfaces. Medical applications such as drug release, gene therapy, and tissue engineering as well as biosensing, biocatalysis, and energy storage are highlighted.

Table of Contents:
Preface. Introduction. Biomimetic Membranes. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Biomimetic Microcapsules. FoF1-ATP Synthase-Based Active Biomimetic Systems. Kinesin–Microtubule-Driven Active Biomimetic Systems. Biomimetic Interface. Peptide-Based Biomimetic Materials. 1 Biomimetic Membranes. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Lipid Monolayers. 1.2.1 Phospholipid Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface. 1.2.2 Phospholipid Monolayers at the Oil/Water Interface. 1.2.3 Interfacial Behavior of Phospholipid Monolayers. 1.2.4 Protein Layers at the Oil/Water Interface. 1.2.4.1 Kinetics of Protein Adsorption. 1.2.4.2 Formation of “Skin-Like” Protein Films on a Curved Interface. 1.2.5 Interfacial Behavior of Phospholipid/Protein Composite Layers. 1.2.5.1 Dynamic Adsorption and Mechanism. 1.2.5.2 Assembly of “Skin-Like” Complex Films on a Curved Interface. 1.3 Modeling Membrane Hydrolysis In Vitro. 1.3.1 PLA2. 1.3.2 PLC. 1.3.3 PLD. 1.4 Polyelectrolyte-Supported Lipid Bilayers. 1.4.1 Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on Planar Surfaces. 1.4.2 Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on Curved Surfaces. 1.5 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. 2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Biomimetic Microcapsules. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Layer-by-layer Assembly of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Microcapsules. 2.2.1 General Aspects. 2.2.2 Permeation and Mechanical Properties of LbL Microcapsules. 2.3 Biointerfacing Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules – A Multifunctional Cargo System. 2.3.1 Lipid Bilayer-Modifi ed Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules. 2.3.2 Formation of Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers on the Surface of LbL-Assembled Capsules. 2.3.3 Assembly of Lipid Bilayers on Covalently LbL-Assembled Protein Capsules. 2.4 Application of Biomimetic Microcapsules. 2.4.1 Integrating Specifi c Biofunctionality for Targeting. 2.4.2 Adsorption of Antibodies on the Surface of Biomimetic Microcapsules. 2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. 3 FoF1-ATP Synthase-Based Active Biomimetic Systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 FoF1-ATPase – A Rotary Molecular Motor. 3.2.1 Structure of H+FoF1-ATPase. 3.2.2 Direct Observation of the Rotation of Single ATPase Molecules. 3.3 Reconstitution of FoF1-ATPase in Cellular Mimic Structures. 3.3.1 FoF1-ATPase-incorporated Liposome – A Classical Biomembrane Mimic. 3.3.1.1 Bacteriorhodopsin uses Light to Pump Protons. 3.3.1.2 Proton Gradients Produced by Artificial Photosynthetic Reactions. 3.3.2 ATP Biosynthesis from Biomimetic Microcapsules. 3.3.2.1 Generation of Proton Gradients in Polymer Capsules by the Change of pH Values. 3.3.2.2 Proton Gradients in Protein Capsules Supplied by the Oxidative Hydrolysis of Glucoses. 3.3.2.3 Proton Gradients Generated by GOD Capsules. 3.3.3 Reassembly of FoF1-ATPase in Polymersomes. 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. 4 Kinesin–Microtubule-Driven Active Biomimetic Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Kinesin–Microtubule Active Transport Systems. 4.3 Active Biomimetic Systems Based on the Kinesin–Microtubule Complex. 4.3.1 Bead Geometry. 4.3.2 Gliding Geometry. 4.3.3 Transport Direction and Distance of Assembled Systems. 4.4 Layer-by-Layer Assembled Capsules as Cargo – A Promising Biomimetic System. 4.4.1 Layer-by-Layer Assembled Hollow Microcapsules. 4.4.2 Kinesin–Microtubule-Driven Microcapsule Systems. 4.4.2.1 Fabrication in a Beaded Geometry. 4.4.2.2 Fabrication in a Gliding Geometry. 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. 5 Biomimetic Interface. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preparation and Characterization of Biomolecule Patterning. 5.2.1 Electrostatic Immobilization of Proteins for Surface Assays. 5.2.1.1 Lipid-Modified HSA Patterns for the Targeted Recognition. 5.2.1.2 Lipid-Modified HSA Patterns for Escherichia coli Recognition. 5.2.2 Covalent Immobilization of Proteins. 5.2.3 Covalent Immobilization of Lipid Monolayers. 5.3 Polymer Brush Patterns for Biomedical Application. 5.3.1 Thermosensitive Polymer Patterns for Cell Adhesion. 5.3.2 Fabrication of Complex Polymer Brush Gradients. 5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. 6 Peptide-Based Biomimetic Materials. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Peptides as Building Blocks for the Bottom-up Fabrication of Various Nanostructures. 6.2.1 Aromatic Dipeptides. 6.2.1.1 Nanotubes, Nanotube Arrays, and Vesicles. 6.2.1.2 Nanofibrils and Ribbons. 6.2.1.3 Nanowires. 6.2.1.4 Ordered Molecular Chains on Solid Surfaces. 6.2.2 Lipopeptides. 6.2.3 Polypeptides. 6.2.4 Amphiphilic Peptides. 6.3 Peptide–Inorganic Hybrids. 6.3.1 Nonspecific Attachment of Inorganic Nanoparticles on Peptide-Based Scaffolds. 6.3.2 Peptide-Based Biomineralization. 6.3.3 Adaptive Hybrid Supramolecular Networks. 6.4 Applications of Peptide Biomimetic Nanomaterials. 6.4.1 Biological Applications. 6.4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. 6.4.1.2 Delivery of Drugs or Genes. 6.4.1.3 Bioimaging. 6.4.1.4 Biosensors. 6.4.2 Nonbiological Applications. 6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. Glossary. Index.

About the Author :
Junbai Li is a Director of the Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS). He received his BS and PhD degrees from Jilin University and spent two years as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Group Leader at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Surfaces, for the collaborative project “Molecular Assembly of Biomimetic Systems”. He then worked as a Full Professor at the Institute of Photographic Chemistry , CAS before moving to his current position in 1999. His research interests encompass supramolecular chemistry and surface science, including the boundary research areas of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and materials chemistry. His major interests include the molecular assembly of biomimetic systems, biointerfaces, and nanostructures. Qiang He graduated from the Inner Mongolia University and received his PhD degree on physical chemistry in 2003 from the Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Then he joined Prof. Li’s group and became an associate professor in the Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He spent four years as a research fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Germany.  Currently, he is a full Professor at the Micro/Nano Technology Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology, China. His research interests include self-assembled active systems, stimuli-responsive surface patterning for biomedical applications.           Xuehai Yan received his BE degree in Chemical Engineering in 2002 and MS degree in Applied Chemistry in 2005 from China University of Mining and Technology. Then he joined the Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy Sciences, where he obtained his PhD in Physical Chemistry in 2008. Currently he is working as a research fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Germany. His research interests are focused on Self-assembly of biomolecular materials, in particular the use of amino acids or peptides as an assembly building block, and supramolecular interactions in the process of self-assembly.