Ammonia: Principles and Industrial Practice

Ammonia is one of the most important inorganic basic chemicals, not only for the manufacture of fertilizers (85%) but also for the production of plastics, fibers, explosives, and intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals. It is an essential reaction component for the synthesis of numerous organic chemicals used as solvents and intermediates. The book provides a practical and up-to-date account of the product properties, synthesis and reaction mechanisms, including catalysis and commercial catalysts, modern production technology for different feedstocks, quality specifications and environmental health and safety aspects, uses and economic data of this important commodity chemical. It also discusses perspectives of future developments of commercial ammonia production. Over 1400 references to the relevant literature complete this concise presentation, whose aim is to inform the reader of the present status of the theory and practice of industrial ammonia production. Chemical engineers, engineers and chemists in industry, engineering companies, catalyst manufacturers, equipment makers and chemical engineering university departments will certainly profit from this comprehensive review based on the author's long practical experience in a leading technical management position of one of the largest European ammonia producers.

Table of Contents:
Occurrence and History FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SYNTHESIS REACTION Physical Properties of Ammonia Thermodynamic Data of the Reaction General Aspects Mechanism of the Intrinsic Reaction Kinetics Catalysts PROCESS STEPS OF AMMONIA PRODUCTION Synthesis Gas Production Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion Gas Purification Compression Synthesis Waste Heat Boilers for High Pressure Steam Generation COMPLETE AMMONIA PLANTS Steam Reforming Ammonia Plants Ammonia Plants Based on Partial Oxidation MODERNIZING OF OLDER PLANTS (REVAMPING) INTEGRATION OF OTHER PRODUCTIONS INTO AN AMMONIA PLANT MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS Hydrogen Attack Nitriding Temper Embrittlement Metal Dusting Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion Stress Corrosion STORAGE AND SHIPPING Storage Transportation QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS AND ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH ASPECTS Environmental Aspects of Ammonia Production and Handling Safety Features Health Aspects and Toxicity of Ammonia CHEMICAL REACTION AND USE OF AMMONIA Reactions of Ammonia Uses of Ammonia ECONOMIC ASPECTS Capacity and Production Feedstock Situation Ammonia Plant Investment Costs Other Production Cost Factors Production Costs for Various Locations FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Other Nitrogen Fixation Methods for the Future Conclusions References