Efficient Uranium Reduction Extraction: Material Design and Reaction Mechanisms

Enables readers to understand how to remove uranium from seawater and nuclear wastewater through a variety of techniques Efficient Uranium Reduction Extraction provides experimental and theoretical knowledge on uranium reduction extraction, with information ranging from the design of extraction materials and methods to the evolution of uranium species and its reaction mechanism. Throughout the text, the authors illustrate the solution for the reductive separation of radioactive elements in complex environments and provide a new pathway for the treatment of wastewater. Written by a team of highly qualified authors, Efficient Uranium Reduction Extraction includes information on: General chemical properties of uranium, including its coordination structure and valence state transformations Performance evaluation criteria and device integration for uranium reduction and extraction Methods including nano-zero-valent iron, commercial iron powder under the influence of external fields, carbon-semiconductor hybrid materials, and plasma Advanced techniques, such as atomic-resolved HAADF-STEM and synchrotron XAFS, which explore uranium reduction at the atomic level Efficient Uranium Reduction Extraction delivers important and unique guidance on the subject for chemists, material scientists, and environmental scientists in universities and research institutions worldwide, along with undergraduate and postgraduate students in related programs of study.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi 1 Background of Uranium Chemistry 1 1.1 Introduction of Uranium in Nuclear Industry 1 1.1.1 Importance of Uranium Resource in Nuclear Industry 1 1.1.2 Uranium Cycle in Nuclear Industry 2 1.2 Coordination and Species of Uranium 2 1.2.1 General Chemical Properties of Uranium 2 1.2.2 Basic Uranium Species in the Solution-Uranyl and Uranyl Compound 3 1.2.3 Valence Transformation of Uranium 4 References 5 2 Introduction of Uranium Reduction Extraction 9 2.1 Introduction of Uranium Extraction 9 2.2 Introduction of Uranium Reduction Extraction 9 2.2.1 Basic Concept and Process of Uranium Reduction Extraction 9 2.2.2 Uranium Reduction by Zerovalent Iron 10 2.2.3 Photochemistry and Photochemical Uranium Reduction 10 2.2.4 Electrochemistry Involved in the Electrochemical Uranium Reduction 11 2.3 Key Factors to Influence the Uranium Reduction Extraction 11 2.3.1 Surface Adsorption and Coordination 12 2.3.2 Reductive Ability 12 2.4 Practical Situation that Requires Uranium Extraction 13 2.4.1 Uranium Extraction in Seawater 13 2.4.2 Uranium Extraction in Mining and Metallurgy 13 2.4.3 Uranium Extraction in Nuclear Wastewater 14 References 14 3 Uranium Reduction Extraction by Modified Nano Zerovalent Iron 19 3.1 Introduction of Nano Zerovalent Iron 19 3.2 Material Design for Promoted Stability and Reductive Ability 21 3.3 Uranium Extraction Performance 24 3.4 Reaction Mechanism 26 3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 29 References 30 4 Uranium Reduction Extraction by Commercial Iron Powder 33 4.1 Introduction of Alternative Abundant Reductant-Commercial Iron Powder 33 4.2 Ultrasound Enhancement of Uranium Extraction by Commercial Iron Powder 34 4.2.1 Extraction of U(VI) by Commercial Iron Powder 34 4.2.2 Analysis of Uranium Enrichment Status 36 4.2.3 Key Mechanism of Ultrasonic Enhanced Commercial Iron Powder for Uranium Extraction 36 4.3 Microbial Sulfurization-Enhanced Commercial Iron Powder Extraction of Uranium 39 4.3.1 Characterizations of BS-ZVI 39 4.3.2 Performance of Photocatalytic Enrichment of U(VI) by BS-ZVI 40 4.3.3 Photoelectric Properties and Energy Band Structure of BS-ZVI 41 4.3.4 Photocatalytic Enrichment Mechanism of U(VI) 43 4.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 45 References 45 5 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction by Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material 49 5.1 Introduction of Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 49 5.2 Motivated Material Design of Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material 51 5.2.1 Introduction 51 5.2.2 Results and Discussions 52 5.2.3 Summary 57 5.3 Band Engineering of Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material 57 5.3.1 Introduction 57 5.3.2 Results and Discussions 58 5.3.3 Summary 64 5.4 Assembly of Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material for Facile Recycle Use 65 5.4.1 Introduction 65 5.4.2 Results and Discussions 66 5.4.3 Summary 71 5.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 72 References 73 6 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction by Surface Reconstructed Semiconductor 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Design of Hydrogen-Incorporated Semiconductor-Hydrogen-Assist 78 6.2.1 Hydrogen-Incorporated VO 2 78 6.2.2 Hydrogen-Incorporated Oxidized WS 2 86 6.3 Hydrogen-Incorporated Vacancy Engineering 92 6.3.1 Oxygen Vacancy-Case of WO 3-x 92 6.3.2 Doping-Induced Cation Vacancy-Case of Fe-Doped TiO 2 99 6.3.3 Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Black TiO 2 @Co 2 P S-Scheme 104 6.4 Conclusions 110 References 111 7 Enhanced Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction by Electron Enhancement 117 7.1 Introduction 117 7.2 Plasmonic Enhancement of Uranium Extraction 117 7.2.1 Enhanced Uranium by Hot Electrons of Plasmonic Metals 118 7.2.1.1 Introduction 118 7.2.1.2 Summary 125 7.2.2 Plasmonic Engineering – High-Entropy Plasmonic Alloy 125 7.2.2.1 Introduction 125 7.2.2.2 Summary 133 7.2.3 Promotion of Electron Energy by Upconversion-Case of Er Doping 133 7.2.3.1 Introduction 133 7.2.3.2 Summary 141 7.3 Enhanced by Cocatalysis 143 7.3.1 Introduction 143 7.3.1.1 Results and Discussions 145 7.3.2 Summary 156 7.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 157 References 157 8 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction in Tributyl Phosphate-Kerosene System 169 8.1 Introduction of Tributyl Phosphate-Kerosene System-Spent Fuel Reprocessing 169 8.2 Material Design-Self Oxidation of Red Phosphorus 170 8.3 Uranium Extraction in Tributyl Phosphate-Kerosene System 173 8.4 Reaction Mechanism-Self Oxidation Cycle 177 8.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 181 References 182 9 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction in Fluoride-Containing System 187 9.1 Introduction of Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 187 9.2 Simultaneously Constructing U(VI) Constraint Sites and Water Oxidation Sites to Promote the Purification of Fluorine-Containing Uranium Wastewater 188 9.2.1 Introduction 188 9.2.2 Results and Discussions 189 9.2.3 Summary 197 9.3 Advanced Photocatalytic Heterojunction with Plasmon Resonance Effect for Uranium Extraction from Fluoride-Containing Uranium Wastewater 198 9.3.1 Introduction 198 9.3.2 Results and Discussions 199 9.3.3 Summary 204 References 205 10 Electrochemical Uranium Reduction Extraction: Design of Electrode Materials 211 10.1 Introduction of Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 211 10.2 Edge-Site Confinement for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 213 10.2.1 Introduction 213 10.2.2 Results and Discussions 214 10.2.3 Summary 219 10.3 Facet-Dependent Electrochemical Uranium Extraction in Seawater Over Fe 3 O 4 Catalysts 219 10.3.1 Introduction 219 10.3.2 Results and Discussions 220 10.3.3 Conclusion 225 10.4 Heterogeneous Interface-Enhanced Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 225 10.4.1 Introduction 225 10.4.2 Results and Discussions 226 10.4.3 Summary 231 10.5 Surface Hydroxyl-Enhanced Electrochemical Extraction of Uranium 232 10.5.1 Introduction 232 10.5.2 Results and Discussions 233 10.5.3 Summary 237 10.6 Charge-Separation Engineering for Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 238 10.6.1 Introduction 238 10.6.2 Results and Discussions 239 10.6.3 Summary 244 10.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 244 References 245 11 Electrochemical Uranium Extraction from Seawater-Reproduced Vacancy 253 11.1 Introduction of Electrocatalytic Uranium Extraction from Seawater 253 11.2 High-Selective Site Oxygen Vacancy 253 11.3 Conclusion 257 References 258 12 Electrochemical Uranium Extraction from Nuclear Wastewater of Fuel Production 263 12.1 Introduction of Nuclear Wastewater of Fuel Production: Ultrahigh Concentration of Fluoride 263 12.2 Material Design-Ion Pair Sites 264 12.3 Uranium Extraction Performance 266 12.3.1 Simulated Wastewater 266 12.3.2 Real Nuclear Wastewater 268 12.4 Reaction Mechanism – Coordination and Crystallization 268 12.5 Conclusion 270 References 270 13 Perspectives and Emerging Directions 273 13.1 Application in Real Situation 273 13.2 Criteria of Performance Evaluation 274 13.3 Device of Uranium Reduction Extraction 276 13.3.1 Chemical Reduction Coupled with External Field 276 13.3.2 Photocatalytic Device for Flow Cell 276 13.3.3 Electrocatalytic Device with Controlling System 277 References 279 Index 283

About the Author :
Wenkun Zhu is the Principal Investigator in CAEA Innovation Center of Nuclear Environmental Safety Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), China. Rong He is a Professor in School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), China. Tao Chen is a Professor in School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), China.