Superamphiphobic Surfaces: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications

A definitive resource on superamphiphobic surfaces, covering their fabrications, characterizations, practical applications, challenges, and future directions Superamphiphobic Surfaces: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications addresses a critical knowledge gap in the field of superamphiphobic surfaces, a class of materials with the extraordinary ability to repel water, oil, and other liquids, by both exploring their fundamentals and also offering detailed insights into their fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and durability considerations. The book presents practical applications of superamphiphobic surfaces in self-cleaning, anti-fouling, environmental clean-up, biomedicine, and food packaging and processing. The book is divided into five parts. Part I lays the foundation for understanding superamphiphobic surfaces by introducing the fundamental principles that govern their behavior. Part II discusses the fabrication techniques developed to produce superamphiphobic surfaces with varying complexity, durability, and functionality. Part III provides guidelines to evaluate the performance of superamphiphobic surfaces. Part IV highlights several key areas where these surfaces are already being applied. Part V addresses the current challenges and prospects of superamphiphobic surfaces. Written by an experienced team of researchers, Superamphiphobic Surfaces covers sample topics such as: The increased level of sophistication required to achieve superoleophobicity, particularly for liquids with low surface tension Contact angle hysteresis, wetting regimes, and the role of micro- and nanoscale structures in achieving extreme liquid repellency Specific challenges associated with scaling up fabrication techniques in industrial applications Performance criteria including mechanical durability, resistance to liquid impalement, and self-healing capabilities The lifespan of various materials in harsh environments such as oil rigs, pipelines, and marine vessels Empowering readers with knowledge to drive innovation, solve practical problems, and enhance their expertise, Superamphiphobic Surfaces is an essential reference for researchers and professionals in materials science, healthcare, environmental protection, and other fields.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi About the Editors xv Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Fundamental Understandings of Superamphiphobicity 3 Hui Liu, Qing Xu, Chengyuan Zhang, Jianying Huang, and Yuekun Lai 1.1 Natural Creatures with Special Wettability 3 1.2 Characterization of Wettability 4 1.2.1 Static Contact Angle 4 1.2.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis 6 1.3 The Mechanism for Superamphiphobicity 7 1.3.1 Chemical Composition 7 1.3.2 Special Rough Morphology 12 1.4 Summary and Outlook 15 Acknowledgments 15 References 16 2 Mechanical Durability of Superamphiphobic Surfaces: Fundamentals 21 Lin Liu and Pu Mingjie 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Theory of Wetting 22 2.2.1 Wetting Parameters 22 2.2.2 Wetting Models 22 2.2.3 Categories of Superamphiphobic Mechanical Durability 23 2.3 Mechanical Durability Influenced by Key Parameters 24 2.3.1 Wear Resistance 24 2.3.2 Coating Adhesion 26 2.3.3 Impact Toughness 27 2.4 Common Characterization Methods for Mechanical Durability 27 2.4.1 Nanoscratching Test 27 2.4.2 Abrasion Test 29 2.4.3 Impact Test 30 2.4.4 Washing Test 31 2.4.5 Tape Stripping Test 33 2.5 Strategies to Improve Mechanical Durability 33 2.5.1 Stable Construction to Enhance Mechanical Durability 33 2.5.2 Surface Chemical Modulation to Improve Mechanical Durability 35 2.5.3 Enhancing Binding Force between Substrate and Coating 35 2.5.4 Using Multifunctional Coatings to Strengthen Mechanical Durability 36 2.6 Summary and Outlook 38 References 39 Part II Fabrication 43 3 Advanced Techniques for Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 45 Sanjay S. Latthe, Akshay R. Jundle, Pradip P. Gaikwad, Sagar S. Ingole, Rutuja A. Ekunde, Rajaram S. Sutar, Ruimin Xing, and Shanhu Liu 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Fabrication Methods 46 3.2.1 Spray Coating Strategies 46 3.2.2 Electrospinning 51 3.2.3 Etching 53 3.2.4 Lithography 56 3.2.5 Dip Coating 58 3.2.6 Sol–gel Method 62 3.2.7 Template-assisted Synthesis 66 3.3 Conclusion 69 Acknowledgments 69 References 70 4 Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces: Progress and Advances in Fabrication Methods 75 Irshad Kammakakam and Abubakkar Saddeeq 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 The Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces 78 4.2.1 Post-modification of Pre-roughened Substrates 78 4.2.2 Post-roughness of Pre-modified Substrates 86 4.2.3 Introducing Surface Superamphiphobicity in a Single Step 88 4.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 90 References 91 5 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Nanomaterials 97 Junping Zhang, Bucheng Li, Jian Lin, and Jinfei Wei 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Clay Minerals 98 5.2.1 Attapulgite 99 5.2.2 Halloysite Nanotubes 104 5.2.3 Kaolin 106 5.2.4 Montmorillonite and Other Clay Minerals 108 5.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Polymeric Nanomaterials 109 5.4 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Other Natural Materials 111 5.5 Advantages and Challenges 113 5.6 Prospects and Outlook 114 References 115 6 Superamphiphobic Fabrics 123 Ning Tian and Junping Zhang 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Design Principles of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 124 6.2.1 Design of Low Surface Energy Materials 124 6.2.2 Design of Surface Structures 125 6.3 Fabrication Methods of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 126 6.3.1 Dip-coating 126 6.3.2 Spray-coating 128 6.3.3 Chemical/Plasma Etching 129 6.3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 130 6.4 Testing of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 131 6.5 Functional Applications of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 132 6.5.1 Self-cleaning 132 6.5.2 Flame Retardancy 133 6.5.3 Protective Clothing 134 6.5.4 Antibacterial Properties 136 6.5.5 Oil–Water Separation 137 6.5.6 Antifouling 137 6.6 Challenges and Perspectives 138 References 139 7 Superamphiphobic Surfaces by Electrochemical Processes 145 Frédéric Guittard and Thierry Darmanin 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Chemical Etching 146 7.3 Anodizing 148 7.4 Electrodeposition 149 7.4.1 Metals 149 7.4.2 Conducting Polymers (Electropolymerization) 154 7.5 Conclusion 158 References 159 Part III Performances 163 8 Mechanically Durable Superamphiphobic Surfaces 165 Youfa Zhang, Yage Xia, and Xuan Jiao 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Enhancement Strategies of Superamphiphobic Surface 167 8.2.1 Organic/Inorganic Binder Reinforcement Superamphiphobic Surface 167 8.2.2 Self-similar Structure Superamphiphobic Surface 170 8.2.3 Framework Structure of a Superamphiphobic Surface 170 8.2.4 Self-repairing Superamphiphobic Surface 172 8.2.5 Coupling Hardness with Softness Superamphiphobic Surface 174 8.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 177 References 178 9 Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 181 Bucheng Li and Junping Zhang 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 182 9.2.1 Special Structures 182 9.2.2 Surface Chemical Enhancement 188 9.3 Applications of Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 191 9.3.1 Self-cleaning 191 9.3.2 Corrosion Resistance 191 9.3.3 Anti-icing 192 9.3.4 Antibacterial and Antifouling 194 9.3.5 Microfluidic Manipulation 194 9.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 195 References 196 10 Self-healing Superamphiphobic Surfaces 201 Binbin Zhang 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Self-healing Methods and Mechanisms 202 10.2.1 Self-healing of Low-surface Energy Substances 202 10.2.2 Releasable Capsule Self-healing 205 10.2.3 Shape-memory Polymer Self-healing 206 10.2.4 Dynamic Reversible Molecular Self-healing 208 10.3 Conclusion and Outlooks 210 Acknowledgments 212 Conflict of Interest 212 References 212 Part IV Applications 217 11 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Anti-icing and De-icing 219 Longquan Chen, Yile Wang, Minglu Dai, Ran Tao, and Yakang Jin 11.1 Static and Dynamic Wetting on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 219 11.1.1 Static Wetting on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 219 11.1.2 Wetting Dynamics on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 221 11.2 Icing and Frosting Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 227 11.2.1 Fundamentals of Droplet Freezing on Solid Surfaces 227 11.2.2 Anti-icing Performance of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 230 11.2.3 Antifrosting Function of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 233 11.3 Ice Adhesion on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 235 11.3.1 Test Methods 235 11.3.2 Icephobic Performance of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 236 11.4 Concluding Remarks 239 References 240 12 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Self-cleaning and Antifouling 249 Parinaz Salehikahrizsangi and Mohamad Reza Nasresfahani 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Antifouling 250 12.2.1 Marine Equipments 250 12.2.2 Separation Membranes 251 12.2.3 Food Industry 253 12.2.4 Clean Energy Transitions 253 12.2.5 Oil and Gas Industry 254 12.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Self-cleaning 255 12.3.1 Optical Devices 255 12.3.2 Medical Equipment 255 12.3.3 Outdoor Surfaces 257 12.3.4 Self-cleaning Fabrics 257 12.4 Current Status and Future Research Directions 257 References 258 13 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Corrosion Protection 263 Jian Li, Xuerui Zhao, Wei Zhang, and Kefan Huang 13.1 Introduction 263 13.2 Applications of Superamphiphobic Surfaces in Corrosion Protection 264 13.2.1 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Metal Corrosion Protection 265 13.2.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Material Corrosion Protection 270 13.2.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Fabric Corrosion Protection 274 13.2.4 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Other Substrate Corrosion Protection 279 13.3 Conclusion and Outlook 281 References 282 14 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for the Sustained Maintenance of Building Materials 289 Yijian Cao, Cong Wang, Hongyi Chen, and Mara Camaiti 14.1 Building Materials Degradation 289 14.1.1 Phenomena and Mechanisms 289 14.1.2 The Damaging Effects of Water and Water Inhibition 291 14.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Materials 292 14.2.1 Considerations and Requirements Concerning Historical Buildings and Stone Artifacts 292 14.2.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Materials 293 14.3 Key Bottlenecks and Improvement Strategies 297 14.3.1 Key Bottlenecks 297 14.3.2 Improvement Strategies 301 14.4 Conclusion and Perspective 308 Acknowledgments 308 References 309 Part V Challenges and Prospects 313 15 Current Challenges and Prospects in Superamphiphobic Surfaces Technology 315 Wanshun Deng, Rui Guo, and Shuaijun Pan 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Main Challenges of Current SAP Materials 316 15.2.1 Limitations of Current Wetting Model 316 15.2.2 Negative Impacts of Perfluorinated Compounds 317 15.2.3 Mechanical Fragility 319 15.2.4 Chemical Instability 321 15.2.5 Challenges in Scalable Production 323 15.2.6 Other Problems 323 15.3 Future Prospects 325 15.3.1 Utilizing Advanced Technologies in the Development of SAP Materials 325 15.3.2 Environment-friendly Production of SAP Surfaces 327 15.3.3 Stable and Healable SAP Surfaces 328 15.3.4 Interdisciplinary Applications 330 15.4 Conclusion 332 Author Contributions 333 Acknowledgments 333 References 333 Index 339

About the Author :
Junping Zhang, PhD, is Professor at the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). His research interests include the preparation and applications of functional coatings and 3D porous materials with superwettability based on silanes and silicates. Mohammad Shahid, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF) in Vaddeswaram, India. His research interests focus on biomaterials, functional textiles, and surfaces.