Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation

Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation Explore the industrial fermentation processes of chemical intermediates In Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation, distinguished researcher Dr. Walter Koch delivers an expert overview on industrial fermentation production technology as compared with natural extraction, organic chemistry, and biocatalysis. The book offers key insights for professionals designing and monitoring fermentation processes. The author explores the applications, alternative production, biochemical pathways, metabolic engineering strategy, and downstream processing of various products—including C1 to C6 products—with a focus on low-value products with market prices below 4€ per kilogram. Products will include methane, ethane, acetate, lactic acid, alanine, and others. With specific commentary and insightful perspectives on the cost drivers and technological aspects critical to commercially successful applications, the book also includes: Thorough introductions to methane, ethanol, acetate, lactic acid, alanine, and 3-Hydroxypropionic acid Comprehensive explorations of 1,3-Propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, and isobutene Practical discussions of 1,4-butanediol, succinic acid, itaconic acid, and glutamic acid Fulsome treatments of isoprene, pentamethylenediamine, lysine, citric acid, and adipic acid Perfect for process engineers, biotechnologists, and chemical engineers, Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation will also benefit biochemists and professionals working in the chemical and food industries.

Table of Contents:
Preface xvii Introduction xix 1 Methane 1 1.1 Application 1 1.2 Conventional Production of Methane 1 1.3 Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock 2 1.4 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Methane 4 1.5 Biochemical Pathway Design 6 1.6 Integration of Hydrogen Production and the Biochemical Methanation 8 1.7 Process Development for the "Biochemical Sabatier" without Integrated Water Electrolysis 13 1.8 Commercial Application of Fermentative Methane Production 14 2 Ethanol Ex Glucose 20 2.1 Application 20 2.2 Production of Ethanol 21 2.3 Pathway Design 21 2.4 Process Development 29 2.5 Alternative Raw Material Source 32 2.6 Industrial Production and Capacity 38 3 Acetate and Ethanol Ex CO/H2 49 3.1 The Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway 49 3.2 Formation of Acetate in A. woodii Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 55 3.3 Formation of Acetate in A. woodii Based on Carbon Monoxide 56 3.4 Formation of Ethanol in A. woodii Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen without AOR 58 3.5 Formation of Ethanol in A. woodii Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen with AOR 60 3.6 Formation of Ethanol in C. woodii Based on Carbon Monoxide 62 3.7 Formation of Acetate in C. autoethanogenum Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 63 3.8 Formation of Ethanol in C. autoethanogenum Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 63 3.9 Industrial Fermentation and Capacity 69 4 Lactic Acid 74 4.1 Application 74 4.2 Chemical Synthesis of Lactic Acid 75 4.3 Pathway Design 76 4.4 Process Development 82 4.5 Evaluation of Alternative Feedstocks 87 4.6 Production Cost and Market Price 91 4.7 Industrial Application and Capacity 91 5 Alanine 97 5.1 Application 97 5.2 Chemical Production of L-alanine 97 5.3 Pathway Design 98 5.4 Metabolic Engineering 101 5.5 Industrial Production and Application 105 6 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid 109 6.1 Application 109 6.2 Chemical Synthesis 110 6.3 Pathway Design 111 6.4 Industrial Application 116 7 1,3-Propanediol 119 7.1 Application 119 7.2 Alternative Production of 1,3-Propanediol 119 7.3 Pathway Design Toward 1,3-Propanediol 120 7.4 Metabolic Engineering 128 7.5 Process Development 132 7.6 Industrial Application and Capacity 133 8 Butanol 137 8.1 Application 137 8.2 Conventional Production of Butanol 138 8.3 Pathway Design Based on Glucose 141 8.4 Pathway Design Based on Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen 146 8.5 Process Development for Fermentative Butanol 151 8.6 Alternative Raw Material Sources 160 8.7 Industrial Application 161 9 Isobutanol 170 9.1 Application 170 9.2 Conventional Synthesis of Isobutanol 171 9.3 Metabolic Engineering 172 9.4 Process Development 182 9.5 Industrial Application 187 10 Isobutene 191 10.1 Application 191 10.2 Conventional Synthesis 191 10.3 Pathway Design Toward Isobutene 192 10.4 Carbon Yield and Carbon Footprint 202 10.5 Industrial Fermentation and Capacity 202 11 1,4-Butanediol 206 11.1 Application 206 11.2 Conventional Synthesis of 1,4-Butanediol 207 11.3 Pathway Design 208 11.4 Process Design for Fermentative 1,4-Butanediol Based on Glucose 213 11.5 1,4-Butanediol Derived by Chemical Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid 215 11.6 Alternative Carbon and Energy Source for Fermentation 216 11.7 Industrial Application and Capacity 218 12 Succinic Acid 222 12.1 Application 222 12.2 Conventional Synthesis of Succinic Acid 223 12.3 Pathway Design and Metabolic Engineering 224 12.4 Production Host 236 12.5 Reactor Concepts 239 12.6 Downstream Processing 239 12.7 Industrial Capacity and Performance 241 13 Itaconic Acid 248 13.1 Application 248 13.2 Metabolic Engineering 248 13.3 Process Design 251 13.4 Industrial Application and Capacity 255 14 Glutamic Acid 258 14.1 Application 258 14.2 Native Biochemical Pathway 259 14.3 Metabolic Engineering 263 14.4 Process Development and Industrial Application 264 15 Isoprene 269 15.1 Application 269 15.2 Chemical Synthesis 269 15.3 Pathway Design 270 15.4 Metabolic Engineering Toward Isoprene 280 15.5 Metabolic Engineering Toward Mevalonate 286 15.6 Downstream Processing 292 15.7 Industrial Application and Capacity 292 16 Pentamethylenediamine 297 16.1 Application 297 16.2 Chemical Synthesis 298 16.3 Pathway Design 298 16.4 Metabolic Engineering 305 16.5 Downstream Processing 313 16.6 Industrial Application 313 17 Lysine 319 17.1 Application 319 17.2 Chemical Production 320 17.3 Metabolic Pathway via DAP and Metabolic Engineering 320 17.4 Metabolic Pathway via α-Aminoadipate in Fungi 329 17.5 Secretion of Lysine 330 17.6 Process Development 330 17.7 Industrial Application 333 18 Citric Acid 339 18.1 Application 339 18.2 Chemical Production and Natural Extraction 339 18.3 Biochemical Pathway 340 18.4 Process Development 343 18.5 Industrial Production 347 19 Adipic Acid 350 19.1 Application 350 19.2 Chemical Production of Adipic Acid 350 19.3 Metabolic Engineering for Fermentation 351 19.4 Digression: Metabolic Engineering for C6+ Diacids 361 19.5 Process Development 363 19.6 Industrial Application and Capacity 364 20 Hexamethylenediamine 368 20.1 Application 368 20.2 Chemical Production of HMD 369 20.3 Metabolic Engineering for Fermentation Technology 370 20.4 Biocatalytic Routes Towards HMD 378 20.5 Process Design 380 20.6 Commercial Application 382 21 Caprolactam and 6-Aminocaproic Acid 386 21.1 Application 386 21.2 Chemical Production of CPL 386 21.3 Metabolic Engineering for Fermentation Technology via Adipyl-CoA 387 21.4 Industrial Application 393 22 Anthranilic Acid and Aniline 397 22.1 Application 397 22.2 Pathway Design 399 22.3 Metabolic Engineering for Anthranilate as Fermentation Product 403 22.4 Derivatives of Anthranilate as Fermentation Product 407 22.5 Alternative Fermentation Precursors for Aniline 409 22.6 Process Development with Focus on Product Isolation 411 22.7 Industrial Fermentation 414 23 Farnesene 418 23.1 Application 418 23.2 Chemical Production 420 23.3 Biochemical Pathway 420 23.4 Metabolic Engineering 428 23.5 Process Design with Second Liquid Phase 434 23.6 Industrial Application 437 References 439 Index 445

About the Author :
Walter Koch, PhD, is Director of Biochemical Technology at BASF. He is responsible for the technology evaluation and benchmarking of potential fermentation products suitable as drop-ins or precursors for chemical value chains. His work is focused on cost structure referring to the technology potential and carbon footprint of petrochemicals and fermentation products.