Renewable Energy Technologies for Low-Carbon Development

Summary of cutting-edge research, latest advances, and future directions in low carbon and renewable energy systems Renewable Energy Technologies for Low-Carbon Development provides a comprehensive overview of recent and cutting-edge research progress in a variety of current renewable energy and low carbon development research areas, focusing on sustainable energy from various perspectives such as thermoelectric power generation, organic solar cells, Na-ion, solar thermochemical energy storage, and nano-friction power generation. The book discusses the methodologies and research development of each renewable energy route based on its unique characteristics. Following a brief overview of renewable energy, this book also reviews low-carbon research in traditional fossil energy and promotes the development of renewable energy with the sustainable recovery and utilization of carbon. Because of the uniqueness of CO2 in low-carbon development, CO2 storage and application are discussed separately. Written by three highly qualified authors, Renewable Energy Technologies for Low-Carbon Development explores sample topics including: Thermoelectric power generators and their applications, application of nanomaterials in organic solar cells, and advances in low-temperature Na-ion battery energy storage Thermochemical energy storage for renewable solar energy utilization, and recent progress and new challenges in triboelectric nanogenerators Manufacturing, recovery, and reuse of wind turbine blades in wind power generation and electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel cells Carbon fiber in renewable energy development, sustainable carbon nanofluids of petroleum extraction, and carbon dioxide capture and chemical conversion into fuels Renewable Energy Technologies for Low-Carbon Development is an essential reference on the subject for materials scientists, power engineers, electrochemists, electronics engineers, and all professionals working at energy supplying companies and in the broader chemical industry.

Table of Contents:
Editors Bio Section xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Thermoelectric Power Generators and Their Applications 1 Jianxu Shi and Ke Wang 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Principles of Thermoelectric Conversion 1 1.2.1 Seebeck Effect 1 1.2.2 Peltier Effect 2 1.2.3 Thomson Effect 3 1.2.4 Evaluation Indicators for Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 3 1.3 Thermoelectric Materials 4 1.3.1 Traditional Thermoelectric Materials 4 1.3.2 Half-Heusler Alloys 6 1.3.3 2D Thermoelectric Materials 7 1.3.4 Thermoelectric Liquid Materials 9 1.4 Preparation of Thermoelectric Materials 10 1.5 Thermoelectric Devices and Their Applications 15 1.5.1 Conventional Devices 15 1.5.2 Miniature Devices 16 1.5.3 Flexible Devices 18 1.6 Conclusions and Outlook 20 Acknowledgment 20 References 20 2 Application of Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells 27 Tongsiliu Wu 2.1 Introduction 27 2.1.1 Background 27 2.1.2 Mechanisms and Structure of OSCs 28 2.1.3 Advantages of Adding Nanomaterials 30 2.2 Application of Carbon Materials in OSCs 33 2.2.1 Allotropes of Carbon Materials 33 2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 34 2.2.3 Graphene 36 2.2.4 Fullerene Receptors and Non-fullerene Receptors 38 2.3 Application of Silver Nanowire-based Nanoarrays in OSCs 43 2.3.1 Influence of Nanomicrostructure 43 2.3.2 Silver Nanowires 45 2.4 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 47 2.5 Conclusions 48 References 48 3 Advances in Low-temperature Na-ion Battery Energy Storage 55 Meng Li, Kuan Wang, Qihang Jing, Xuan Yang, Chenxiang Li, Zhou Liao, Dongsheng Geng, and Biwei Xiao 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 LT NIB Cathode Materials 56 3.2.1 Polyanion 57 3.2.2 Layered TMO 59 3.2.3 Prussian Blue and Its Analogues 62 3.3 LT NIB Anode Materials 63 3.3.1 Interleaved Reaction Storage Na Negative Electrode 64 3.3.2 Alloyed Na Storage Anode 66 3.3.3 Transformation-type Na Storage Negative Electrode 68 3.4 LT Organic Electrolyte Research 70 3.4.1 LT Solvent Exploration 71 3.4.2 Selection of Electrolyte Salts 73 3.4.3 Electrolyte Additives 75 3.5 Summary and Outlook 77 References 79 4 Thermochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Solar Energy Utilization 89 Ruolan Hu, Lihui Zhang, Wei Deng, Bo Tong, and Yong Zhao 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Materials/Chemical Reactions and Systems for TCES Technology 91 4.2.1 Gas-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 92 4.2.1.1 Organics Reforming, Decomposition and Gasification 92 4.2.1.2 Ammonia Synthesis/Dissociation 95 4.2.1.3 Sulfur-based Reactions 96 4.2.2 Solid-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 97 4.2.2.1 Carbonates Calcination/Carbonation 97 4.2.2.2 Hydroxides Dehydration/Hydration 101 4.2.2.3 Metal Hydrides Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation 104 4.2.2.4 Metal Oxides Oxidation/Reduction 107 4.2.3 Liquid-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 111 4.2.3.1 Isopropanol Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation 111 4.2.3.2 Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate Synthesis/Dissociation 112 4.3 Solar Receivers/Reactors for TCES Systems 112 4.3.1 Gas-Gas TCES Receivers/Reactors 113 4.3.1.1 Solar Methane Reforming Receivers/Reactors 113 4.3.1.2 Solar Methane Decomposition Receivers/Reactors 118 4.3.1.3 Solar Ammonia Dissociation/Synthesis Receivers/Reactors 120 4.3.1.4 Solar Sulfur-based Cycle Receivers/Reactors 123 4.3.2 Solid-Gas TCES Receivers/Reactors 124 4.3.2.1 Fixed/Packed Bed Receivers/Reactors 124 4.3.2.2 Fluidized Bed Receivers/Reactors 129 4.3.2.3 Moving Bed Receivers/Reactors 131 4.4 Conclusion 135 Acknowledgment 137 Conflict of Interest 137 References 137 5 Recent Progress in Triboelectric Nanogenerators and New Challenges 161 Rong Xue and Xiaojia Wei 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Recent Research on Potential Mechanism and Four Working Modes of Teng 162 5.2.1 Recent Research on Potential Mechanism 162 5.2.2 CS Mode 163 5.2.3 LS-Mode 165 5.2.4 SE-Mode 168 5.2.5 FT-mode 171 5.3 Conclusion 174 Conflict of Interest 174 References 174 6 Wind Turbine Blades in Wind Power Generation: Manufacturing, Recovery and Reuse 181 Zichun Feng, Chunbao Du, Bingjia Wang, Baoli Li, and Gang Zhang 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Recycling of Waste WTBs 182 6.2.1 Manufacturing of WTBs 183 6.2.2 Burial and Incineration 183 6.2.3 Physical Recovery Method 184 6.2.4 Chemical Recovery Methods 184 6.2.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Degradation Method 184 6.2.4.2 Solvent Dissolution Method 186 6.2.5 Thermal Recovery Methods 187 6.2.5.1 High Temperature Pyrolysis Recovery 187 6.2.5.2 Fluidized Bed Method 189 6.2.5.3 Microwave Pyrolysis Method 190 6.2.6 Electrochemical Recovery Treatment Method 191 6.2.7 Energy Recovery Method 193 6.3 Application Procedure for WTBs after Recycling 193 6.3.1 Local Post-cut Reuse 193 6.3.2 Reuse after Crushing 194 6.4 Future Direction of WTB Improvement 196 Conflict of Interest 198 References 198 7 Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells 205 Shichao Ding, Zhaoyuan Lyu, Yu Meng, Yuehe lin, and Jin-Cheng li 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Classification 207 7.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 208 7.2.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 210 7.2.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 211 7.3 Electrocatalysts 211 7.3.1 Noble Metal-Based Catalysts 212 7.3.1.1 Low Pt Catalysts 213 7.3.1.2 Pt-alloy with Carbon Support 214 7.3.2 Non-precious-metal Catalysts 217 7.3.2.1 Transition Metal Oxide-based Catalysts 217 7.3.2.2 Metal-N-C-based Catalysts 218 7.3.3 Non-metal-based Catalyst 221 7.3.3.1 N-doped Carbon-based Catalysts 221 7.3.3.2 Other Heteroatom-doped Catalysts 223 7.4 Future Outlook 224 7.5 Conclusion 225 Acknowledgments 225 Conflict of Interest 226 References 226 8 Carbon Fiber in Renewable Energy Development 233 Guoqing Xu, Tong Li, Feixiang Wang, Zhiqiang Duan, and Yimin Jing 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 Carbon Fiber Classification: Pitch-Based, Viscose Based, PAN Based 234 8.3 Application of Carbon Fiber 236 8.4 Application of Carbon Fiber in Wind Power 237 8.5 Application of Carbon Fiber in the Photovoltaic Industry 239 8.5.1 Heating Field 239 8.5.2 Photovoltaic Cell Carrier Board 241 8.6 Application of Carbon Fiber in the Hydrogen Production Industry 243 8.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 243 8.6.2 Application of Activated Carbon Fiber in Hydrogen Storage Technology 245 8.7 Redox Fluid Flow Batteries 246 8.8 Phase Change Energy Storage 247 8.9 Biofuel Cells 248 8.10 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 249 8.11 Recycling of Carbon Fiber 250 8.12 Summary 253 References 253 9 Sustainable Carbon Nanofluids of Petroleum Extraction 257 Chunbao Du and Yuan Cheng 9.1 Introduction 257 9.2 Carbon Nanofluids for EOR 259 9.2.1 Graphene-based Nanofluid 259 9.2.2 CNTs-based Nanofluid 262 9.2.3 GO-based Nanofluid 265 9.2.4 QDs-based Nanofluid 269 9.3 Influencing Factors of Carbon Nanofluids on EOR 272 9.4 Mechanisms 274 9.4.1 Wettability 274 9.4.2 Interfacial Tension 274 9.4.3 Separation Pressure 275 9.4.4 Mobility Ratio 275 9.5 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 275 9.6 Conclusions 277 Acknowledgment 277 Conflict of Interest 277 References 277 10 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Chemical Conversion into Fuels 283 Yanan Zhu 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 CO 2 Capture 284 10.2.1 Technologies for CO 2 Capture 284 10.2.1.1 Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Technology 284 10.2.1.2 Oxy-fuel Combustion Carbon Capture Technology 285 10.2.1.3 Post-combustion Carbon Capture Technology 286 10.2.2 Materials for CO 2 Capture 286 10.2.2.1 Porous Organic Polymers 287 10.2.2.2 Metal-organic Frameworks 288 10.2.2.3 Carbon Materials 290 10.3 Chemical Conversion of CO 2 into Fuels 292 10.3.1 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Catalytic Hydrogenation 293 10.3.2 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Photocatalysis 295 10.3.3 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Electrocatalysis 297 10.4 Conclusions 299 Acknowledgment 299 Conflict of Interest 299 References 299 Index 307