MXene Membranes for Separations

MXene Membranes for Separations Explore critical and groundbreaking MXene applications and technologies In MXene Membranes for Separations, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and instructive summary of the latest research and techniques in the development of MXene. It offers an insightful view of MXene properties as a membrane in separation applications, including gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration. Covering various aspects of two-dimensional membranes based on MXene materials, the book summarizes the separation mechanism, compares separation performances, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. It also considers the research and industrial prospects of current MXene membranes for separation applications on nanofiltration, gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, and water/oil separation. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to 2D membranes, including membrane development, separation mechanisms, and fabrication methods Comprehensive explorations of MXene nanosheets and membranes, including the preparation and characterization of MXene nanosheets and membranes Practical discussions of MXene membranes for the isolation of antibiotics, including explorations of physical adsorption and advanced oxidation In-depth examinations of MXene membranes for ion separation Perfect for membrane scientists, materials scientists, and inorganic chemists, MXene Membranes for Separations will also earn a place in the libraries of complex chemists and engineering scientists seeking a timely overview of critical MXene applications.

Table of Contents:
Preface ix About the Authors xi Acknowledgment xiii Abbreviations and Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Membrane Development at a Glance 1 1.2 Two-Dimensional Membranes 1 1.3 Separation Mechanisms of 2D Membranes 2 1.4 Fabrication Methods for 2D Membranes 4 1.5 Applications of 2D Membranes 6 References 6 2 Types of 2D Material-Based Membranes 9 2.1 Porous Two-Dimensional Nanosheet-Based Membranes 9 2.1.1 Zeolite 2D Membranes 9 2.1.2 Metal–Organic Framework 2D Membranes 10 2.1.3 Covalent Organic Framework (COF) 2D Membranes 11 2.1.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Membranes 12 2.2 Nonporous 2D Nanosheet-Based Membranes 13 2.2.1 Graphene-Based Membranes 13 2.2.2 Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Membranes 15 2.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) Membranes 15 2.2.4 MXene Membranes (Typically Ti3C2Tx) 16 References 18 3 MXene Nanosheets and Membranes 25 3.1 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Nanosheets 25 3.1.1 Top-down Synthesis 25 3.1.2 Bottom-up Synthesis 31 3.2 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Membranes 34 References 40 4 MXene Membranes for Nanofiltration 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Separation Performance ofMXene-Based Nanofiltration Membranes 44 4.3 Summary 57 References 57 5 MXene Membranes for the Isolation of Antibiotics 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Physical Adsorption 62 5.3 Advanced Oxidation 68 5.4 Membrane Separation 72 5.5 Summary 84 References 84 6 MXene-Based Membranes for Gas Separation 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Gas Separation Performance of MXene-Based Membranes 90 6.3 Summary 101 References 102 7 MXene Membranes for Ion Separation 105 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes for Monovalent Metal Ion Sieving 106 7.2.1 Preparation of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 106 7.2.2 Monovalent Metal Ion-sieving Performance of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 107 7.2.3 Characterization of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 109 7.3 Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes for Heavy Metal Ion Separation by a Voltage-supported Process 112 7.3.1 Mixed-ion Sieving and Exclusion of the Heavy Metal Ion Pb2+ 113 7.3.2 Characterization of Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes 115 7.4 Ultrathin MXene-Derived Membranes by Sinter-cross-linking with Tunable Interlayer Spacing 117 7.4.1 Properties and Ion-rejection Performance of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes 117 7.4.2 Characterization of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes and MXene Nanosheets at Different Sintering Temperatures 120 7.5 Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 121 7.5.1 Preparation and Characterization of Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 122 7.5.2 Ion-sieving Performance of Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 123 7.6 Summary 126 References 126 8 MXene Membrane for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Functional Polymer Layer on Support 130 8.3 Low-Dimensional Materials 134 8.4 Summary 151 References 151 9 MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion 157 9.1 Introduction 157 9.2 Performance of MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion 158 9.3 Summary 169 References 170 10 Scale-Up of MXene Membranes 175 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Scale-Up of 2D Membranes 176 10.2.1 Spin Coating 177 10.2.2 Spray Coating 177 10.2.3 Drop Coating and Dip Coating 179 10.2.4 Doctor Blade Method 179 10.2.5 Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) 181 10.3 Summary 191 References 192 11 Perspectives 197 11.1 Further Applications of MXene Nanosheets 197 11.2 Challenges and Outlook for MXene Membranes 198 11.2.1 Stability of MXene Nanosheets Must Be Improved 198 11.2.2 Scalable Fabrication of MXene Membranes with Suitable Interlayer Channels Is Required 198 11.2.3 Operating Time of MXene Membranes under Realistic Operation Conditions Must Be Extended 199 11.2.4 Fundamentals of Mass Transport Mechanisms in Confined Nanochannels/Sub-nanochannels Within MXene Membranes Has to Be Studied 199 References 200 Index 203

About the Author :
Haihui Wang, PhD, is Professor at Tsinghua University in China. His research is focused on inorganic membranes, membrane reactors, and energy materials. Yanying Wei, PhD, is Professor at South China University of Technology. Her research focuses on novel 2D nanosheet membranes and MOF membranes. Li Ding, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at South China University of Technology. His research is focused on MXene-based membranes for efficient separation applications and mass transport in nanochannels.