Sustainable Polymers from Biomass

Offering a unique perspective summarizing research on this timely important topic around the globe, this book provides comprehensive coverage of how molecular biomass can be transformed into sustainable polymers. It critically discusses and compares a few classes of biomass - oxygen-rich, hydrocarbon-rich, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (including carbon dioxide) as well as natural polymers - and equally includes products that are already commercialized. A must-have for both newcomers to the field as well as established researchers in both academia and industry.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Mitra S. Ganewatta, Chuanbing Tang, and Chang Y. Ryu 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sustainable Polymers 2 1.3 Biomass Resources for Sustainable Polymers 4 1.4 Conclusions 8 References 8 2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Sustainability, Production, and Industrialization 11 Ying Wang and Guo-Qiang Chen 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 PHA Diversity and Properties 14 2.3 PHA Production from Biomass 16 2.4 PHA Application and Industrialization 26 2.5 Conclusion 28 Acknowledgment 28 References 28 3 Polylactide: Fabrication of Long Chain Branched Polylactides and Their Properties and Applications 35 Zhigang Wang and Huagao Fang 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Fabrication of LCB PLAs 36 3.3 Structural Characterization on LCB PLAs 38 3.4 The Rheological Properties of LCB PLAs 43 3.5 Crystallization Kinetics of LCB PLAs 46 3.6 Applications of LCB PLAs 48 3.7 Conclusions 51 Acknowledgments 51 References 51 4 Sustainable Vinyl Polymers via Controlled Polymerization of Terpenes 55 Masami Kamigaito and Kotaro Satoh 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 β-Pinene 57 4.3 α-Pinene 63 4.4 Limonene 65 4.5 β-Myrcene, α-Ocimene, and Alloocimene 69 4.6 Other Terpene or Terpenoid Monomers 76 4.7 Conclusion 80 Abbreviations 80 References 81 5 Use of Rosin and Turpentine as Feedstocks for the Preparation of Polyurethane Polymers 91 Meng Zhang, Yonghong Zhou, and Jinwen Zhang 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Rosin Based Polyurethane Foams 92 5.3 Rosin-Based Polyurethane Elastomers 95 5.4 Terpene-Based Polyurethanes 95 5.5 Terpene-Based Waterborne Polyurethanes 97 5.6 Rosin-Based Shape Memory Polyurethanes 99 5.7 Conclusions 100 References 101 6 Rosin-Derived Monomers and Their Progress in Polymer Application 103 Jifu Wang, Shaofeng Liu, Juan Yu, Chuanwei Lu, Chunpeng Wang, and Fuxiang Chu 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Rosin Chemical Composition 104 6.3 Rosin Derived Monomers for Main-Chain Polymers 105 6.4 Rosin-Derived Monomers for Side-Chain Polymers 112 6.5 Rosin-Derived Monomers for Three-Dimensional Rosin-Based Polymer 131 6.6 Outlook and Conclusions 140 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 7 Industrial Applications of Pine-Chemical-Based Materials 151 Lien Phun, David Snead, Phillip Hurd, and Feng Jing 7.1 Pine Chemicals Introduction 151 7.2 Crude Tall Oil 151 7.3 Terpenes 153 7.4 Tall Oil Fatty Acid 159 7.5 Rosin 167 7.6 Miscellaneous Products 173 References 178 8 Preparation and Applications of Polymers with Pendant Fatty Chains from Plant Oils 181 Liang Yuan, Zhongkai Wang, Nathan M. Trenor, and Chuanbing Tang 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 (Meth)acrylate Monomers Preparation and Polymerization 182 8.3 Norbornene Monomers and Polymers for Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) 194 8.4 2-Oxazoline Monomers for Living Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization 195 8.5 Vinyl Ether Monomers for Cationic Polymerization 200 8.6 Conclusions and Outlook 203 References 204 9 Structure–Property Relationships of Epoxy Thermoset Networks from Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils 209 Zheqin Yang, Jananee Narayanan, Matthew Ravalli, Brittany T. Rupp, and Chang Y. Ryu 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils 213 9.3 Conclusions 224 Acknowledgment 225 References 225 10 Biopolymers from Sugarcane and Soybean Lignocellulosic Biomass 227 Delia R. Tapia-Blácido, Bianca C. Maniglia, and Milena Martelli-Tosi 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Composition and Pretreatment 229 10.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass from Soybean 233 10.4 Production of Polymers from Soybean Biomass 234 10.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass from Sugarcane 242 10.6 Production of Polymers from Sugarcane Bagasse 242 10.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 11 Modification of Wheat Gluten-Based Polymer Materials by Molecular Biomass 255 Xiaoqing Zhang 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Modification of Wheat Gluten Materials by Molecular Biomass 257 11.3 Biodegradation of Wheat Gluten Materials Modified by Biomass 269 11.4 Biomass Fillers for WG Biocomposites 271 11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives of WG-Based Materials 272 References 273 12 Copolymerization of C1 Building Blocks with Epoxides 279 Ying-Ying Zhang and Xing-Hong Zhang 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization 280 12.3 CS2/Epoxide Copolymerization 295 12.4 COS/Epoxide Copolymerization 299 12.5 Properties of C1-Based Polymers 304 12.6 Conclusions and Outlook 307 References 307 13 Double-Metal Cyanide Catalyst Design in CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization 315 Joby Sebastian and Darbha Srinivas 13.1 Introduction 315 13.2 Polycarbonates and Their Synthesis Methods 317 13.3 Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides 318 13.4 Double-Metal Cyanides and Their Structural Variation 319 13.5 Methods of DMC Synthesis 322 13.6 Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity of DMCs 323 13.7 Role of Co-catalyst on the Activity of DMC Catalysts 332 13.8 Copolymerization in the Presence of Hybrid DMC Catalysts 334 13.9 Copolymerization with Nano-lamellar DMC Catalysts 335 13.10 Effect of Crystallinity and Crystal Structure of DMC on Copolymerization 337 13.11 Effect of Method of Preparation of DMC Catalysts on Their Structure and Copolymerization Activity 337 13.12 Reaction Mechanism of Copolymerization 340 13.13 Conclusions 342 References 343 Index 347

About the Author :
Chuanbing Tang is Associate Professor and College of Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of South Carolina. He received his B.S. degree in Polymer Science from Nanjing University and Ph.D. in Chemistry from Carnegie Mellon University under the direction of Krzysztof Matyjaszewski and Tomasz Kowalewski. He was also a postdoctoral researcher with Craig Hawker and Edward Kramer at the University of California at Santa Barbara. His research interests include organic polymer synthesis, sustainable polymers from renewable natural resources, metal-containing polymers, and polymers for biomedical application. He has been recognized with a few awards including South Carolina Governor?s Young Scientist Award, NSF Career Award, Thieme Chemistry Journal Award and USC Distinguished Undergraduate Research Mentor Award. He has also been named a Breakthrough Rising Star at the University of South Carolina and an ACS PMSE Young Investigator. He has published over 100 papers and 10 patents. Chang Y. Ryu is Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Director of New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). He completed his B.S. and M.S. in Chemical Technology at Seoul National University and received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota under the direction of Tim Lodge. He served as a postdoctoral researcher with Ed Kramer and Glenn Fredrickson in the Materials Research Laboratory at the University of California at Santa Barbara and started his faculty position at RPI in 2000. He has been awarded the IUPAC Young Observer Award (2007), NSF CAREER Award (2005), and the Arthur K. Doolittle Award from the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1998). His research focuses on macromolecular separation and adsorption, block copolymer self-assembly, and photopolymerization as well as structure-property-relationships of polymeric materials.