A comprehensive overview of the latest achievements, trends, and the current state of the art of this important and rapidly expanding field.
Clearly and logically structured, the first part of the book explores the fundamentals of tissue engineering, providing a separate chapter on each of the basic topics, including biomaterials stem cells, biosensors and bioreactors. The second part then follows a more applied approach, discussing various applications of tissue engineering, such as the replacement or repairing of skins, cartilages, livers and blood vessels, to trachea, lungs and cardiac tissues, to musculoskeletal tissue engineering used for bones and ligaments as well as pancreas, kidney and neural tissue engineering for the brain. The book concludes with a look at future technological advances.
An invaluable reading for entrants to the field in biomedical engineering as well as expert researchers and developers in industry.
Table of Contents:
Volume 1
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xxiii
Preface xxv
Part I Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering 3
Rami Mhanna and Anwarul Hasan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Clinical Need for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 4
1.3 History of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 5
1.4 Fundamentals of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 6
1.5 Applications of Tissue Engineering 14
1.6 Challenges in Tissue Engineering 21
1.7 The Future of Tissue Engineering 22
1.8 Conclusions 23
References 24
2 Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering 35
Samad Ahadian, Rahaf Rahal, Javier Ramón-Azcón, Raquel Obregón, and Anwarul Hasan
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Biomaterial–Tissue Interactions 37
2.3 Properties of Biomaterials 40
2.4 Scaffold Requirements for Specific Tissues 44
2.5 Classification of Biomaterials 45
2.6 Fabrication Methods of Biomaterials 61
2.7 Testing of Biomaterials 64
2.8 Challenges for Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering 65
2.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 67
Acknowledgment 69
Abbreviations 69
References 70
3 Harnessing the Potential of Stem Cells from Different Sources for Tissue Engineering 85
Divya Murali, Kunal G. Kshirsagar, Anwarul Hasan, and Arghya Paul
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 86
3.3 Unique Properties 86
3.4 Types of Stem Cells 87
3.5 Application of Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 92
3.6 Challenges and Future Directions 101
3.7 Conclusion 102
Acknowledgments 102
References 102
4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering 111
Deepti Rana, Minal Thacker, Maria Leena, and Murugan Ramalingam
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 Basics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 112
4.3 Concept of Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering 116
4.4 Cell–Scaffold Interactions 118
4.5 Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 121
4.6 Concluding Remarks 134
Acknowledgments 134
References 134
5 Biosensors for Optimal Tissue Engineering: Recent Developments and Shaping the Future 143
Jihane Abouzeid, Ghinwa Darwish, and Pierre Karam
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Fundamentals of Biosensors 143
5.3 Biosensing Techniques 145
5.4 Real-Time Sensing in Tissue Engineering and Cell Growth 147
5.5 In Vivo Implementations and the Challenges Faced 155
5.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 158
References 159
6 Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering 169
Raquel Obregón, Javier Ramón-Azcón, and Samad Ahadian
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Bioreactors 170
6.3 Applications of Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering 175
6.4 Summary and Future Perspectives 191
Acknowledgment 191
Abbreviations 191
References 192
Part II Applications 215
7 Tissue-Engineered Human Skin Equivalents and Their Applications in Wound Healing 217
Lara Yildirimer, Divia Hobson, Zhi Yuan (William) Lin,Wenguo Cui, and Xin Zhao
7.1 Introduction 217
7.2 Development of Tissue-Engineered Human Skin Equivalents 220
7.3 Application of TESs inWound Healing 226
7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 233
Acknowledgments 234
References 234
8 Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering 243
Jiayin Fu, Pengfei He, and Dong-An Wang
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Articular Cartilage Lesions and Repair 245
8.3 Basics of Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering 248
8.4 Strategies in Current Cartilage Tissue Engineering 265
8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 273
List of Abbreviations 275
References 276
9 Liver Tissue Engineering 297
Jessica L. Sparks
9.1 Introduction 297
9.2 Liver Biology 299
9.3 Liver Biomechanics 304
9.4 Liver Mechanobiology 308
9.5 Biophysical Stimuli in Liver Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 313
9.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 314
References 314
10 Development of Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels 325
Haiyan Li
10.1 Introduction 325
10.2 Biology of Blood Vessels 326
10.3 Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels 329
10.4 Conclusion and Perspective 344
Acknowledgment 345
References 345
Volume 2
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
11 Engineering Trachea and Larynx 363
Marta B. Evangelista, Sait Ciftci, PeterMilad, Emmanuel Martinod, Agnes Dupret-Bories, Christian Debry, and Nihal E. Vrana
11.1 Introduction 363
11.2 Basic Anatomy and Histology of the Larynx and Trachea 364
11.3 Indications for Tracheal Resection 366
11.4 Available Remedies Following Total Laryngectomy 369
11.5 RegenerativeMedicine Strategies and Tissue Engineering Tools for Tracheal and Larynx Replacement 372
11.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 381
Declaration/Conflict of Interest 382
References 382
12 Pulmonary Tissue Engineering 389
Patrick A. Link and Rebecca L. Heise
12.1 Introduction 389
12.2 Clinical Need for Pulmonary Tissue Engineering 389
12.3 Structure–Function Relationship in the Conducting Airways and the Lung 394
12.4 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Approaches for the Lung 397
12.5 Conclusions, Remaining Challenges, and Future Directions 408
References 408
13 Cardiac Tissue Engineering 413
Eun Jung Lee and Pamela Hitscherich
13.1 Introduction 413
13.2 Cardiac Tissue Architecture 414
13.3 Cell Source Considerations 416
13.4 Engineering for Myocardial Tissue 422
13.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 430
References 430
14 Approaches and Recent Advances in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering 445
Anna Mallone, Benedikt Weber, and Simon P. Hoerstrup
14.1 Introduction 445
14.2 Principles of Tissue Engineering: Shaping the Valvular Construct 448
14.3 In Vitro Bioengineering of Heart Valves: Scaffold Materials 449
14.4 Cells for Valvular Bioengineering 454
14.5 Challenges and Limitations 456
14.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 457
References 457
15 Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle Replacement and Repair 465
Jorge A. Uquillas, Settimio Pacelli, Shuichiro Kobayashi, and Sebastián Uquillas
15.1 Introduction 465
15.2 Biology of Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle 467
15.3 Grafting Practices for Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle Repair 473
15.4 Factors in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering 477
15.5 Recent Advancements in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering 494
15.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 498
References 499
16 Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the Art, Challenges, and Prospects 525
Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Ståle P. Lyngstadaas, and Janne E. Reseland
16.1 Introduction 525
16.2 Factors Important in Tissue Engineering of Bone 526
16.3 Fabricated Tissues by 3D Printing of Suspensions of Cells on Micro-Carriers 529
16.4 Recent Advances in Bone Tissue Engineering 533
16.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 546
References 548
17 Tissue Engineering of the Pancreas 553
Masayuki Shimoda
17.1 Introduction 553
17.2 Treatment Options for T1D 554
17.3 Bioartificial Pancreas 556
17.4 Biomaterials/Encapsulation 558
17.5 Conclusion 564
References 566
18 Tissue Engineering of Renal Tissue (Kidney) 575
Raquel Rodrigues-Díez, Valentina Benedetti, Giuseppe Remuzzi, and Christodoulos Xinaris
18.1 Introduction 575
18.2 Biology of the Kidney 576
18.3 Overview of Kidney Development and Vascularization 578
18.4 Developmental Engineering 581
18.5 Bio-Scaffold-Based Technologies 587
18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 594
Acknowledgments 595
References 595
19 Design and Engineering of Neural Tissues 603
Muhammad N. Hasan and Umut A. Gurkan
19.1 Introduction 603
19.2 Natural Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Repair 605
19.3 Synthetic Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Repair 623
19.4 Development of Nanofibrous Scaffolds 625
19.5 Summary and Future Direction 634
References 634
20 Neural-Tissue Engineering Interventions for Traumatic Brain Injury 655
Tala El Tal, Rayan El Sibai, Stefania Mondello, and Firas Kobeissy
20.1 Introduction 655
20.2 Neurogenesis in CNS: Resident Neural Stem Cells 657
20.3 Cell-Based and NeuroprotectionTherapeutic Strategies 658
20.4 Construct Technology: Biomaterials Approach 663
20.5 Application to Living System: Translational Approaches 668
20.6 Future Outlook: Transition to the Clinic 669
References 671
21 Bionics in Tissue Engineering 677
Thanh D. Nguyen and Brian P. Timko
21.1 Introduction 677
21.2 Electronics for Biointerfaces 678
21.3 Novel Power Sources 688
21.4 3D Printing 692
21.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 695
References 695
Index 701
About the Author :
MD Anwarul Hasan is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Qatar University in Doha, Qatar. He is also an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, as well as a visiting Scientist at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology at the Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, USA. Prior to joining his current positions, Dr. Hasan was an NSERC Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Harvard Medical School and MIT.
Dr Hasan obtained his PhD from University of Alberta, Canada in 2010 and worked at Alberta Innovates Technology Futures in Edmonton, Canada and Champion Technologies LTD in Calgary, Alberta, Canada during 2010-2011. Dr. Anwarul Hasan has authored more than 60 journal and conference papers. He is a winner of more than sixteen national and international awards. Dr Hasan's research interests include Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering particularly for cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and neural applications.
