Tissue Engineering for Artificial Organs, 2 Volume Set: Regenerative Medicine, Smart Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine

A comprehensive overview of the latest achievements, trends, and the current state of the art of this important and rapidly expanding field. Clearly and logically structured, the first part of the book explores the fundamentals of tissue engineering, providing a separate chapter on each of the basic topics, including biomaterials stem cells, biosensors and bioreactors. The second part then follows a more applied approach, discussing various applications of tissue engineering, such as the replacement or repairing of skins, cartilages, livers and blood vessels, to trachea, lungs and cardiac tissues, to musculoskeletal tissue engineering used for bones and ligaments as well as pancreas, kidney and neural tissue engineering for the brain. The book concludes with a look at future technological advances. An invaluable reading for entrants to the field in biomedical engineering as well as expert researchers and developers in industry.

Table of Contents:
Volume 1 List of Contributors xiii Foreword xxiii Preface xxv Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering 3 Rami Mhanna and Anwarul Hasan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Clinical Need for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 4 1.3 History of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 5 1.4 Fundamentals of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 6 1.5 Applications of Tissue Engineering 14 1.6 Challenges in Tissue Engineering 21 1.7 The Future of Tissue Engineering 22 1.8 Conclusions 23 References 24 2 Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering 35 Samad Ahadian, Rahaf Rahal, Javier Ramón-Azcón, Raquel Obregón, and Anwarul Hasan 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Biomaterial–Tissue Interactions 37 2.3 Properties of Biomaterials 40 2.4 Scaffold Requirements for Specific Tissues 44 2.5 Classification of Biomaterials 45 2.6 Fabrication Methods of Biomaterials 61 2.7 Testing of Biomaterials 64 2.8 Challenges for Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering 65 2.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 67 Acknowledgment 69 Abbreviations 69 References 70 3 Harnessing the Potential of Stem Cells from Different Sources for Tissue Engineering 85 Divya Murali, Kunal G. Kshirsagar, Anwarul Hasan, and Arghya Paul 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 86 3.3 Unique Properties 86 3.4 Types of Stem Cells 87 3.5 Application of Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 92 3.6 Challenges and Future Directions 101 3.7 Conclusion 102 Acknowledgments 102 References 102 4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering 111 Deepti Rana, Minal Thacker, Maria Leena, and Murugan Ramalingam 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Basics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 112 4.3 Concept of Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering 116 4.4 Cell–Scaffold Interactions 118 4.5 Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 121 4.6 Concluding Remarks 134 Acknowledgments 134 References 134 5 Biosensors for Optimal Tissue Engineering: Recent Developments and Shaping the Future 143 Jihane Abouzeid, Ghinwa Darwish, and Pierre Karam 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Fundamentals of Biosensors 143 5.3 Biosensing Techniques 145 5.4 Real-Time Sensing in Tissue Engineering and Cell Growth 147 5.5 In Vivo Implementations and the Challenges Faced 155 5.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 158 References 159 6 Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering 169 Raquel Obregón, Javier Ramón-Azcón, and Samad Ahadian 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 Bioreactors 170 6.3 Applications of Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering 175 6.4 Summary and Future Perspectives 191 Acknowledgment 191 Abbreviations 191 References 192 Part II Applications 215 7 Tissue-Engineered Human Skin Equivalents and Their Applications in Wound Healing 217 Lara Yildirimer, Divia Hobson, Zhi Yuan (William) Lin,Wenguo Cui, and Xin Zhao 7.1 Introduction 217 7.2 Development of Tissue-Engineered Human Skin Equivalents 220 7.3 Application of TESs inWound Healing 226 7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 233 Acknowledgments 234 References 234 8 Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering 243 Jiayin Fu, Pengfei He, and Dong-An Wang 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Articular Cartilage Lesions and Repair 245 8.3 Basics of Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering 248 8.4 Strategies in Current Cartilage Tissue Engineering 265 8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 273 List of Abbreviations 275 References 276 9 Liver Tissue Engineering 297 Jessica L. Sparks 9.1 Introduction 297 9.2 Liver Biology 299 9.3 Liver Biomechanics 304 9.4 Liver Mechanobiology 308 9.5 Biophysical Stimuli in Liver Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 313 9.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 314 References 314 10 Development of Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels 325 Haiyan Li 10.1 Introduction 325 10.2 Biology of Blood Vessels 326 10.3 Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels 329 10.4 Conclusion and Perspective 344 Acknowledgment 345 References 345 Volume 2 Foreword xv Preface xvii 11 Engineering Trachea and Larynx 363 Marta B. Evangelista, Sait Ciftci, PeterMilad, Emmanuel Martinod, Agnes Dupret-Bories, Christian Debry, and Nihal E. Vrana 11.1 Introduction 363 11.2 Basic Anatomy and Histology of the Larynx and Trachea 364 11.3 Indications for Tracheal Resection 366 11.4 Available Remedies Following Total Laryngectomy 369 11.5 RegenerativeMedicine Strategies and Tissue Engineering Tools for Tracheal and Larynx Replacement 372 11.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 381 Declaration/Conflict of Interest 382 References 382 12 Pulmonary Tissue Engineering 389 Patrick A. Link and Rebecca L. Heise 12.1 Introduction 389 12.2 Clinical Need for Pulmonary Tissue Engineering 389 12.3 Structure–Function Relationship in the Conducting Airways and the Lung 394 12.4 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Approaches for the Lung 397 12.5 Conclusions, Remaining Challenges, and Future Directions 408 References 408 13 Cardiac Tissue Engineering 413 Eun Jung Lee and Pamela Hitscherich 13.1 Introduction 413 13.2 Cardiac Tissue Architecture 414 13.3 Cell Source Considerations 416 13.4 Engineering for Myocardial Tissue 422 13.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 430 References 430 14 Approaches and Recent Advances in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering 445 Anna Mallone, Benedikt Weber, and Simon P. Hoerstrup 14.1 Introduction 445 14.2 Principles of Tissue Engineering: Shaping the Valvular Construct 448 14.3 In Vitro Bioengineering of Heart Valves: Scaffold Materials 449 14.4 Cells for Valvular Bioengineering 454 14.5 Challenges and Limitations 456 14.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 457 References 457 15 Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle Replacement and Repair 465 Jorge A. Uquillas, Settimio Pacelli, Shuichiro Kobayashi, and Sebastián Uquillas 15.1 Introduction 465 15.2 Biology of Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle 467 15.3 Grafting Practices for Tendon, Ligament, and Skeletal Muscle Repair 473 15.4 Factors in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering 477 15.5 Recent Advancements in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering 494 15.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 498 References 499 16 Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the Art, Challenges, and Prospects 525 Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Ståle P. Lyngstadaas, and Janne E. Reseland 16.1 Introduction 525 16.2 Factors Important in Tissue Engineering of Bone 526 16.3 Fabricated Tissues by 3D Printing of Suspensions of Cells on Micro-Carriers 529 16.4 Recent Advances in Bone Tissue Engineering 533 16.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 546 References 548 17 Tissue Engineering of the Pancreas 553 Masayuki Shimoda 17.1 Introduction 553 17.2 Treatment Options for T1D 554 17.3 Bioartificial Pancreas 556 17.4 Biomaterials/Encapsulation 558 17.5 Conclusion 564 References 566 18 Tissue Engineering of Renal Tissue (Kidney) 575 Raquel Rodrigues-Díez, Valentina Benedetti, Giuseppe Remuzzi, and Christodoulos Xinaris 18.1 Introduction 575 18.2 Biology of the Kidney 576 18.3 Overview of Kidney Development and Vascularization 578 18.4 Developmental Engineering 581 18.5 Bio-Scaffold-Based Technologies 587 18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 594 Acknowledgments 595 References 595 19 Design and Engineering of Neural Tissues 603 Muhammad N. Hasan and Umut A. Gurkan 19.1 Introduction 603 19.2 Natural Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Repair 605 19.3 Synthetic Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Repair 623 19.4 Development of Nanofibrous Scaffolds 625 19.5 Summary and Future Direction 634 References 634 20 Neural-Tissue Engineering Interventions for Traumatic Brain Injury 655 Tala El Tal, Rayan El Sibai, Stefania Mondello, and Firas Kobeissy 20.1 Introduction 655 20.2 Neurogenesis in CNS: Resident Neural Stem Cells 657 20.3 Cell-Based and NeuroprotectionTherapeutic Strategies 658 20.4 Construct Technology: Biomaterials Approach 663 20.5 Application to Living System: Translational Approaches 668 20.6 Future Outlook: Transition to the Clinic 669 References 671 21 Bionics in Tissue Engineering 677 Thanh D. Nguyen and Brian P. Timko 21.1 Introduction 677 21.2 Electronics for Biointerfaces 678 21.3 Novel Power Sources 688 21.4 3D Printing 692 21.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 695 References 695 Index 701

About the Author :
MD Anwarul Hasan is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Qatar University in Doha, Qatar. He is also an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, as well as a visiting Scientist at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology at the Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, USA. Prior to joining his current positions, Dr. Hasan was an NSERC Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Harvard Medical School and MIT. Dr Hasan obtained his PhD from University of Alberta, Canada in 2010 and worked at Alberta Innovates Technology Futures in Edmonton, Canada and Champion Technologies LTD in Calgary, Alberta, Canada during 2010-2011. Dr. Anwarul Hasan has authored more than 60 journal and conference papers. He is a winner of more than sixteen national and international awards. Dr Hasan's research interests include Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering particularly for cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and neural applications.