From droplet formation to final applications, this practical book presents the subject in a comprehensive and clear form, using only content derived from the latest published results.
Starting at the very beginning, the topic of fluid mechanics is explained, allowing for a suitable regime for printing inks to subsequently be selected. There then follows a discussion on different print-head types and how to form droplets, covering the behavior of droplets in flight and upon impact with the substrate, as well as the droplet's wetting and drying behavior at the substrate. Commonly observed effects, such as the coffee ring effect, are included as well as printing in the third dimension. The book concludes with a look at what the future holds. As a unique feature, worked examples both at the practical and simulation level, as well as case studies are included.
As a result, students and engineers in R&D will come to fully understand the complete process of inkjet printing.
Table of Contents:
List of Contributors
Preface xxi
1 Introductory Remarks 1
Ian M. Hutchings, Graham D. Martin, and Stephen D. Hoath
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Drop Formation: Continuous Inkjet and Drop-on-Demand 2
1.3 Surface Tension and Viscosity 6
1.4 Dimensionless Groups in Inkjet Printing 8
1.5 Length and Time Scales in Inkjet Printing 9
1.6 The Structure of This Book 11
1.7 Symbols Used 11
2 Fluid Mechanics for Inkjet Printing 13
Edward P. Furlani
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Fluid Mechanics 13
2.3 Dimensions and Units 14
2.4 Fluid Properties 15
2.5 Force, Pressure, Velocity 19
2.6 Fluid Dynamics 20
2.7 Computational Fluid Dynamics 25
2.8 Inkjet Systems 29
3 Inkjet Printheads 57
Naoki Morita, Amol A. Khalate, Arend M. van Buul, and Herman Wijshoff
3.1 Thermal versus Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing 57
3.2 Thermal Inkjet 58
3.3 Future Prospects for Inkjets 72
3.4 Continuous Inkjet (CIJ) 74
3.5 Examples and Problems (TIJ) 76
3.6 Piezo Inkjet Printhead 78
4 Drop Formation in Inkjet Printing 93
Theo Driessen and Roger Jeurissen
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Drop Formation in Continuous Inkjet Printing 95
4.3 Analysis of Droplet Formation in Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printing 102
4.4 Worked Examples 111
5 Polymers in Inkjet Printing 117
Joseph S.R. Wheeler and Stephen G. Yeates
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Polymer Definition 117
5.3 Source- and Architecture-Based Polymer Classification 118
5.4 Molecular Weight and Size 118
5.5 Polymer Solutions 122
5.6 Effect of Structure and Physical Form on Inkjet Formulation Properties 124
5.7 Zimm Interpretation for Polymers in High Shear Environments 125
5.8 Printability of Polymer-Containing Inkjet Fluids 126
5.9 Simulation of the Inkjet Printing of High-Molecular-Weight Polymers 129
5.10 Molecular Weight Stability of Polymers during DOD Inkjet Printing 130
5.11 Molecular Weight Stability of Polymers during CIJ Printing 132
5.12 Molecular Weight Stability of Associating Polymers During DOD Inkjet Printing 134
5.13 Case Studies of Polymers in Inkjet Formulation 135
6 Colloid Particles in Ink Formulations 141
Mohmed A. Mulla, Huai Nyin Yow, Huagui Zhang, Olivier J. Cayre, and Simon Biggs
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Dyes versus Pigment Inks 142
6.3 Stability of Colloids 143
6.4 Particle–Polymer Interactions 149
6.5 Effect of Other Ink Components on Colloidal Interactions 152
6.6 Characterization of Colloidal Dispersions 155
6.7 Sedimentation/Settling 160
6.8 Conclusions/Outlook 165
7 Jetting Simulations 169
Neil F. Morrison, Claire McIlroy, and Oliver G. Harlen
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Key Considerations for Modelling 172
7.3 One-Dimensional Modelling 177
7.4 Axisymmetric Modelling 185
7.5 Three-Dimensional Simulation 194
8 Drops on Substrates 199
Sungjune Jung, Hyung Ju Hwang, and Seok Hyun Hong
8.1 Introduction 199
8.2 Experimental Observation of Newtonian Drop Impact on Wettable Surface 201
8.3 Dimensional Analysis: The Buckingham Pi Theorem 209
8.4 Drop Impact Dynamics: The Maximum Spreading Diameter 211
9 Coalescence and Line Formation 219
Wen-Kai Hsiao and Eleanor S. Betton
9.1 Implication of Drop Coalescence on Printed Image Formation 219
9.2 Implication of Drop Coalescence on Functional and 3D Printing 220
9.3 Coalescence of Inkjet-Printed Drops 222
9.4 2D Features and Line Printing 235
9.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 247
9.6 Working Questions 248
10 Droplets Drying on Surfaces 251
Emma Talbot, Colin Bain, Raf De Dier, Wouter Sempels, and Jan Vermant
10.1 Overview 251
10.2 Evaporation of Single Solvents 252
10.3 Evaporation of Mixed Solvents 259
10.4 Particle Transport in Drying Droplets 263
10.5 Drying of Complex Fluids 268
10.6 Problems 274
11 Simulation of Drops on Surfaces 281
Mark C T Wilson and Krzysztof J Kubiak
11.1 Introduction 281
11.2 Continuum-Based Modeling of Drop Dynamics 282
11.3 Challenging Contact Angle Phenomena 288
11.4 Diffuse-Interface Models 294
11.5 Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Drop Dynamics 296
11.6 Conclusion and Outlook 307
12 Visualization and Measurement 313
Kye Si Kwon, Lisong Yang, Graham D. Martin, Rafael Castrejón-Garcia, Alfonso A. Castrejón-Pita, and J. Rafael Castrejón-Pita
12.1 Introduction 313
12.2 Basic Imaging of Droplets and Jets 314
12.3 Strobe Illumination 317
12.4 Holographic Methods 320
12.5 Confocal Microscopy 325
12.6 Image Analysis 330
13 Inkjet Fluid Characterization 339
Malcolm R. Mackley, Damien C. Vadillo, and Tri R. Tuladhar
13.1 Introduction 339
13.2 The Influence of Ink Properties on Printhead and Jetting 340
13.3 The Rheology of Inkjet Fluids 341
13.4 The Measurement of Linear Viscoelasticity for Inkjet Fluids 347
13.5 The Measurement of Extensional Behavior for Inkjet Fluids 351
13.6 Linking Inkjet Rheology to Printhead Performance 356
13.7 Conclusions 361
14 Surface Characterization 365
Ronan Daly
14.1 Introduction 365
14.2 Process Map to Define Characterization Needs 367
14.3 Surface Characterization Techniques 381
14.4 Conclusion 394
14.5 Questions to Consider 394
15 Applications in Inkjet Printing 397
Patrick J. Smith and Jonathan Stringer
15.1 Introduction 397
15.2 Graphics 398
15.3 Inkjet Printing for Three-Dimensional Applications 399
15.4 Inorganic Materials 404
15.5 Organic Materials 407
15.6 Biological Materials 410
16 Inkjet Technology: What Next? 419
Graham D. Martin and Mike Willis
16.1 Achievements So Far 419
16.2 The Inkjet Print-Head as a Delivery Device 420
16.3 Limitations of Inkjet Technology 421
16.4 Today's Dominant Technologies and Limitations 424
16.5 Other Current Technologies 428
16.6 Emerging Technologies and Techniques 431
16.7 Future Trends for Print-Head Manufacturing 439
16.8 Future Requirements and Directions 440
16.9 Summary of Status of Inkjet Technology 443
References 444
Index 445
About the Author :
Dr. Stephen D. Hoath works in the Inkjet Research Centre of the Department of Engineering at Cambridge University, UK. After obtaining his academic degrees from Oxford University, UK, he was a Lecturer in Physics at Birmingham University and then held various positions in the UK industry. He took up his full time research appointment at Cambridge in 2005. He is a Chartered Engineer, Scientist and Physicist; with over 50 scientific publications, he is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and is a Governing Body Fellow and the Director of Studies in Engineering at Wolfson College Cambridge.
