Homogeneous Catalysts: Activity - Stability - Deactivation

This first book to illuminate this important aspect of chemical synthesis improves the lifetime of catalysts, thus reducing material and saving energy, costs and waste. The international panel of expert authors describes the studies that have been conducted concerning the way homogeneous catalysts decompose, and the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The result is a ready reference for organic, catalytic, polymer and complex chemists, as well as those working in industry and with/on organometallics.

Table of Contents:
ELEMENTARY STEPS Introduction Metal Deposition Ligand Decomposition by Oxidation Phosphines Phosphites Imines and Pyridines Carbenes Reactions of Metal-Carbon and Metal-Hydride Bonds Reactions Blocking the Active Sites EARLY TRANSITION METAL CATALYSTS FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Metallocenes Other Single-Center Catalysts Vanadium-Based Catalysts Chromium-Based Catalysts Conclusions LATE TRANSITION METAL CATALYSTS FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION Nickel- and Palladium-Based Catalysts Iron- and Cobalt-Based Catalysts Conclusions EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION OF CATALYSTS FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION Introduction Metallocenes and Related Complexes Other Titanium and Zirconium Complexes Vanadium Complexes Chromium Complexes Nickel Complexes Iron Complexes Conclusions DORMANT SPECIES IN TRANSITION METAL-CATALYZED OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION Introduction Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Metallocenes and Related Early Transition Metal Catalysts Late Transition Metal Catalysts Reversible Chain Transfer in Olefin Polymerization Conclusions TRANSITION METAL CATALYZED OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION Introduction Zirconium Catalysts Titanium Catalysts Tantalum Catalysts Chromium Catalysts Nickel Catalysts Iron Catalysts Tandem Catalysis Involving Oligomerization and Polymerization Conclusions ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATION Introduction Incubation by Dienes in Rhodium Diene Precursors Inhibition by Substrates, Solvents, Polar Additives, and Impurities Inhibition by Formation of Bridged Species Inhibition by Ligand Decomposition Inhibition by the Product Inhibition by Metal Formation; Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals Selective Activation and Deactivation of Enantiomeric Catalysts Conclusions CARBONYLATION REACTIONS Introduction Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Palladium-Catalyzed Alkene-CO Reactions Methanol Carbonylation Conclusions METAL-CATALYZED CROSS-COUPLING REACTIONS Introduction: A Few Historic Notes On the Mechanism of Initiation and Precursors Transmetallation Reductive Elimination Phosphine Decomposition Metal Impurities Metal Nanoparticles and Supported Metal Catalysts Conclusions ALKENE METATHESIS Introduction Molybdenum and Tungsten Catalysts Rhenium Catalysts Ruthenium Catalysts Conclusions