Elusive Phenomena, Unwieldy Things: Historical Perspectives on Experimental Control(71 Archimedes)

This open access book provides a historical treatment of scientific control in experimentation in the longue durée. The introduction distinguishes four related strands in the history of experimental control: the development of practices to stabilize experimental conditions; the career of the comparative design; the unfolding of methodological discussions about control practices and designs; and the history of the term “control”. Each chapter brings these distinctions to bear on specific historical episodes. The focus is on experiments with complex, elusive phenomena such as perception and learning, irregular movements, and unobservable elements. Such experiments bring control issues to the fore because they are difficult to design and stabilize and often controversial. Together, the chapters show that the local context shapes what exactly is controlled, how control can be accomplished, and how controls are justified. They also show that control strategies and methodological ideas often remain stable for a long time and change only gradually. This book, as well as the volume on analysis and synthesis in experimentation by the same editors, contains contributions by an array of experts from multiple disciplines, making it suitable for historians and philosophers of science and students alike.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. Introduction: Practices, Strategies, and Methodologies of Experimental Control in Historical Perspective (Jutta Schickore).- Chapter 2. Christoph Scheiner’s The Eye, that is, The Foundation of Optics (1619): The Role of Contrived Experience at the Intersection of Psychology and Mathematics (Tawrin Baker).- Chapter 3. One Myrtle Proves Nothing: Repeated Comparative Experiments and the Growing Awareness of the Difficulty of Conducting Conclusive Experiments (Caterina Schürch).- Chapter 4. Controlling Induction: Practices and Reflections in Brewster’s Optical Studies (Friedrich Steinle).- Chapter 5. Carl Stumpf and Control Groups (Julia Kursell).- Chapter 6. A “Careful Examination of All Kind of Phenomena”: Methodology and Psychical Research at the End of the Nineteenth Century (Claudia Cristalli).- Chapter 7. Controlling Nature in the Lab and Beyond: Methodological Predicaments in Nineteenth-Century Botany (Kärin Nickelsen).- Chapter 8. Controlling the Unobservable: Experimental Strategies and Hypotheses in Discovering the Causal Origin of Brownian Movement (Klodian Coko).- Chapter 9. From the Determination of the Ohm to the Discovery of Argon: Lord Rayleigh's Strategies of Experimental Control (Vasiliki Christopoulou and Theodore Arabatzis).- Chapter 10. Controlling Away the Phenomenon: Maze Research and the Nature of Learning (Evan Arnet).- Chapter 11. Controlling Animals: Carl von Heß, Karl von Frisch and the Study of Color Vision in Fish (Christoph Hoffmann).

About the Author :
Jutta Schickore is Ruth N. Halls Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine at Indiana University. Her research has dealt with philosophical and scientific debates about scientific methods in past and present, particularly debates about (non)replicability, error, and negative results, historical and philosophical aspects of microscopy; and the relation between history and philosophy of science. She held a Sir Henry Wellcome Research Fellowship at the at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science in Cambridge, UK, as well as postdoctoral fellowships at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at M.I.T. (Cambridge, Mass.) and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (Berlin, Germany). She has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton) and fellow at the National Humanities Center (Research Triangle Park). William R. Newman is Distinguished Professor and Ruth N. Halls Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine at Indiana University. Most of Newman's work in the History of Science has been devoted to alchemy and "chymistry," the art-nature debate, and matter theories, particularly atomism. Newman is also General Editor of the Chymistry of Isaac Newton, an online resource combining digital editions of Newton's alchemical writings with multimedia replications of Newton's alchemical experiments (www.chymistry.org). Newman is on the editorial boards of Archimedes, Early Science and Medicine, and HOPOS. He has been a Guggenheim fellow, member at the Institute for Advanced Study, and fellow at the National Humanities Center.