Brain–Computer Interfaces: Neurorehabilitation of Voluntary Movement after Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury(Synthesis Lectures on Assistive, Rehabilitative, and Health-Preserving Technologies)

Stroke and spinal cord injury often result in paralysis with serious negative consequences to the independence and quality of life of those who sustain them. For these individuals, rehabilitation provides the means to regain lost function. Rehabilitation following neurological injuries has undergone revolutionary changes, enriched by neuroplasticity. Neuroplastic-based interventions enhance the efficacy and continue to guide the development of new rehabilitation strategies. This book presents three important technology-based rehabilitation interventions that follow the concepts of neuroplasticity. The book also discusses clinical results related to their efficacy. These interventions are: functional electrical stimulation therapy, which produces coordinated muscle contractions allowing people with paralysis to perform functional movements with rich sensory feedback; robot-assisted therapy, which uses robots to assist, resist, and guide movements with increased intensity while also reducing the physical burden on therapists; and brain–computer interfaces, which make it possible to verify the presence of motor-related brain activity during rehabilitation. Further, the book presents the combined use of these three technologies to illustrate some of the emerging approaches to the neurorehabilitation of voluntary movement. The authors share their practical experiences obtained during the development and clinical testing of functional electrical stimulation therapy controlled by a brain–computer interface as an intervention to restore reaching and grasping.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments.- Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury, and Neurorehabilitation.- Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy: A Closer Look.- Robotic-Assisted Rehabilitation.- Brain–Computer Interfaces.- The Intersection of Brain–Computer Interfaces and Neurorehabilitation.- Implementation of a BCI-Triggered Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- Authors’ Biographies.

About the Author :
Cesar Marquez-Chin is a Scientist at the Kite Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network. His research, informed by over two decades of working closely with clinicians, is focused on the development, testing, and improvement of practical technologies and interventions to minimize the negative impact on quality of life after paralysis. He has been part of development teams of commercial assistive devices for computer access and prosthetic systems and is a Canadian pioneer in the development of intracranial brain–computer interfaces. His work integrates brain–computer interfacing technologies into the rehabilitation of voluntary movement after spinal cord injury and stroke. He completed his doctoral studies at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of Toronto, where he is also an Assistant Professor.Naaz Kapadia-Desai completed her doctoral studies at the Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto. She was the recipient of the prestigious Canadian Institutes for Health Research Doctoral Award. She is an experienced clinician and researcher with over 20 years of clinical experience and over 10 years of research experience. She currently holds a Research Associate position at KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, and a Clinical Physiotherapist position with University Health Network. Her research interests include the development and validation of neurorehabilitation therapies and outcome measures specifically targeting upper extremity recovery in individuals with acquired neurological conditions. Her work explores the benefits of Functional Electrical Stimulation to restore function following SCI and Stroke. She has played a pivotal role in the commercialization of the MyndMove FES stimulator. She is an invited expert on the Spinal Cord Injury-High-Performance indicators Team that aims to develop structure, process, and outcome indicators for each prioritized domain for individuals with spinal cord injury.Sukhvinder Kalsi-Ryan is a Clinician Scientist in the field of upper limb assessment and recovery and spine pathology at KITE Research Institute - University Health Network. Her research is oriented to establishing methods to quantify neurological change after injury and studying neu ro-restorative methods to enhance and optimize function for those with neurological impairment. She is a physiotherapist by training, works as a practicing clinician, manages a research program that is focused on the intersection of discovery and clinical application and holds a doctorate degree from the Rehabilitation Sciences Institute of the University of Toronto.