Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking a Balance - A Historical Report on the United States Highly Enriched Uranium Production, Acquisition, and Utilization Activities from 1945

In February 1996, the Department of Energy (DOE) commissioned a comprehensive effort to document and declassify the United States inventory and other information needed to present a complete picture of the production, acquisition, and utilization of highly enriched uranium (HEU). Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking A Balance presents the results of that study. The effort was commissioned to facilitate discussions of HEU storage, safety, and security with stakeholders, to encourage other nations to declassify and release similar data, and to support the national policy on transparency of nuclear materials. This information will also be available for formulating policies involving the identification and disposition of surplus nuclear materials. Subjects and topics covered include: nuclear tests, naval nuclear program, chronology of significant nuclear events, brookhaven, NIST, Oak Ridge, yellowcake. Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking A Balance contains details of the U.S. HEU inventory as of September 30, 1996, and provides a historical material balance that summarizes over 50 years of U.S. activities that produced, acquired, and utilized HEU. This report focuses on the facilities and activities that have produced and used HEU during the 50-year history of the nuclear weapons complex. The report contains important newly declassified HEU information regarding the total U.S. inventory, including the quantities required to support ongoing Departmental programs. Other newly declassified information includes details about the HEU produced in the U.S. uranium enrichment facilities and the total quantity of HEU transferred to the United Kingdom under a Mutual Defense Agreement. Section 1 introduces the reader to the predecessor organizations to the DOE, the nuclear material control and accountability system, and the Department's "Openness Initiative." Section 2 provides some perspective on the production and uses of HEU, including the Department's nuclear weapons complex. The two most important sections of this report are Sections 3 and 4 where details of the U.S. HEU inventory and the historical material balance are presented. Sections 5 and 6 contain the details for the historical material balance and much of the newly declassified HEU information. Annual quantities are presented by fiscal year. The appendices provide information on HEU facilities, U.S. HEU spent nuclear fuel inventory, the Navy Nuclear Propulsion and Army Nuclear Power Programs, and Agreements for Cooperation with foreign countries.