Iraq`s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden

What can the present tell us about the past? From 1968 to 1990, Edward Ochsenschlager conducted ethnoarchaeological fieldwork near a mound called al-Hiba, in the marshes of southern Iraq. In examining the material culture of three tribes—the Beni Hasan, the Mi’dan (the Marsh Arabs), and the Bedouin—and their use of mud, reed, wood and bitumen, their husbandry of cattle, water buffalo and sheep, he chronicles what is now a lost way of life. The book helps us understand ancient manufacturing processes, an artifact's significance and the skill of those who create and use it, and the substantial moral authority wielded by village craftspeople; it reveals the complexities involved in the process of change, both natural and enforced. Al-Hiba contains the remains of Sumerian people who lived in the marshes more than 5,000 years ago in a similar ecological setting, using similar material resources. The archaeological evidence provides insights into everyday life in antiquity. Ochsenschlager enhances the comparisons of past and present by the use of extensive illustrations, from his fieldwork and from Penn University Museum's rare archival photographs taken by John Henry Haynes in the late nineteenth century. From the author’s preface: “Until the end of the 20th century a vast marsh existed in the south of what is now the modern nation of Iraq. For thousands of years people had lived on the edge of these marshes. The archaeological record shows that already by the middle of the 4th millennium BC a people of unknown origin, known to us as the Sumerians, occupied this land and built there perhaps the world’s oldest cities. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC the land had become absorbed into the first-known empire of history, that of the Akkadians. Over the next two thousand years, the area was controlled by the successive empires of the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Persians, the Greeks, and the Parthians. Over time [ . . . ] the populations dwindled and the cities deteriorated and were eventually abandoned. What we today refer to as the cradle of civilization had become a wasteland. [ . . . ] among the mounds that were all that was left of the great ancient cities by the marshes, people began to eke out a subsistence from this exhausted land.Among them are those known today as the Beni Hasan, the Mi’dan (often referred to as the Marsh Arabs), and the Bedouin. Although they used the land differently, there evolved among them a mutual interdependence. Their way of life was documented by an outsider, an American, John Henry Haynes, at the end of the 19th century during the waning years of the Ottoman Empire. By the third quarter of the 20th century their isolation along with their traditions of self-reliance had been broken.The inevitability of change in human affairs now became their reality. By the end of the 1980s their way of life, by now precarious, was given the coup de grâce by Saddam Hussein."

Table of Contents:
1. In the Garden of Eden 2. The people of Al-Hiba 3. Ways and means 4. Mud household utensils and storage containers 5. Mud musical instruments, toys, jewelry, and ammunition 6. Mud architecture and ancillary structures 7. Baked pottery 8. Mats, baskets, and other objects made of reeds and rushes 9. Reed architecture 10. Wood, boats, and bitumen 11. Bovine husbandry 12. Sheep 13. Village weavers. 14. The photographs of John Henry Haynes 15. Death under glass

About the Author :
Edward L. Ochsenschlager is Professor Emeritus at Brooklyn College and director of excavations at Thmuis and Taposiris Magna in Egypt; and Sirmium in Yugoslavia; assistant director at al-Hiba in Iraq; and Shibam, Yemen.