Community Policing in a Community Era: An Introduction and Exploration

In the most understandable and comprehensive text to date on the subject of community policing, the authors trace the historical development of American policing through the community era of present day. They introduce readers to the concept of community in modern society and explore changes in the function and legitimacy of police organizations. The text offers numerous highlighted commentaries in every chapter from police officers, deputy sheriffs, chiefs, and other practitioners as well as noted police scholars. These real-world examples illustrate themes and issues to students. "Community Policing in a Community Era" emphasizes agency leadership, problem-solving, community engagement, coactive policing, organizational change, and strategic planning. The key topics include: a history of American policing; policing at a time of change; why police organizations change; community policing in action; the role of leaders and managers; community engagement; selecting and training employees for community policing; implementing community policing; evaluating community policing; and the future of community policing.

Table of Contents:
Foreword by Anthony V. Bouza 1. An Introduction to the Idea of Community Policing Setting the Stage America Is Organized for Crime Community Policing: A Sensical Response to Social Problems Defining Community Policing Defining Community Policing According to Four Perspectives PERF's Five Perspectives of Community Policing A New Definition of Community Policing Limitations in Defining Community Policing Criticisms of Community Policing Organization of This Book 2. A History of American Policing The Concept of Policing in America The Difficulty of Policing in a Democracy The British Origins of Policing Modern Policing in England Policing in Early America Police Corruption During the Political Era Reform and Police Professionalism The Effects of the Police Professionalization Movement Urban Racial Violence Improving Police-Public Relations Through Team Policing Conclusion: From Team Policing to Community Policing 3. The Community The Difficulty of Defining Community Social Evolution and the Need for Community Communitarianism as a Response to Individualism and the Problem of Careless Neighbors The "Moral Voice" and "Shared Values" of Communities Community Defined From a Communitarian Perspective Individual Versus Group Needs in a Community Setting Communitarianism as a Social Movement Great Expectations 4. Policing at a Time of Change Setting the Stage for Change The Concept of Organizational Change Levels of Organizational Change Understanding Organizational Change as a Process Four Models of Change Three Eras of Change in the History of American Policing Seven Indicators The Political Era The Professional Era The Community Era Characteristics of Organizational Change 5. Why Police Organizations Change The Role of Theory The Contingency School Typology of Organizations: Organic Versus Mechanic Organizations Primary Factors Identified in the External Environment Contingency Theories and Community Policing: Why Change? The Nature of Demand from the External Environment Community Policing as a Police Response to the Demands of the External Environment: Examples of Responses Conclusion 6. Community Policing in Action Is Community Policing Real? Acceptance and Support of Community Policing Philosophy Among Law Enforcement Executives Community Policing Buy-In Structural and Managerial Change Community Policing Outcomes Executives' Attitudes Toward Community Policing Community Policing Implementation: Actual Programs Externally Focused Change Internally Focused Change The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Community Policing Successful Cases of Community Policing Programs Conclusion 7. Organizational Environment and the Implementation of Community Policing Among Leaders and Management Research on the Organizational Environment of the Police The Role of the Chief The Role of Middle Management Organizational Structure Selling the Community Policing Model to the Troops Organizational Culture as a Determinant of Change Conclusion 8. Selecting and Training Employees to Do Community Policing Hiring for Success: What Kind of Officer Do We Really Want Anyway? Explaining the Law Enforcement Perspective Among Uniformed Personnel Traditional Hiring Practices Recruitment Assessment Training for Success Field Training In-Service Training Concluding Remarks 9. Motivational Strategies and Management Styles for Community Policing Viewing Citizens as Customers Motivational Theories for Understanding Police Personnel Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory Herzberg's Motivation and Hygiene Factors McClelland's Achievement-Power Theory Adam's Equity Theory Vroom's Expectancy Theory How Employees Are Viewed: McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y Ouchi's Theory Z Organizational Change to Community Policing: Factors Leading to Increased Employee Motivation Organizational Culture Reward System The Nature of the Employee's Job Participatory Management Styles Total Quality Management Situational Leadership Theory Conclusion 10. Implementation: Doing Community Policing on Purpose Ingredients for Successful Community Policing Implementation Strategic Planning The Strategic Plan Barriers to Strategic Planning Community Assessment Problem Solving Community Engagement Conclusion 11. Evaluating Community Policing Effectiveness Why Evaluation? The Nature of Evaluations: Outputs, Outcomes, and Impacts Types of Evaluations Intuitive Versus Scientific Evaluation Passive Versus Active Narrow Versus Broad Evaluations Summative Versus Formative Evaluations Insiders Versus Outsiders Redefining Success: The Emergence of Community Policing Outcome Measures New Outcome Measures for Community Policing: PERF's Perspectives Revisited Common Outcomes in the Community Policing Literature Common Methods of Data Collection to Determine Community Policing Effectiveness Direct Observation Focus Group Interviews Survey Research Official Records Social and Physical Disorder Inventory Multiple Sources of Evidence: Triangulation An Illustration of an Outcome Evaluation: The El Paso Police Department Was the PAR Program a Success? 12. Predicting Long-Term Community Policing Success The Success of Community Policing in Four Cities Internal Changes Necessary for the Long-Term Success of Community Policing The Community Role in Community Policing Community Policing Among America's Poor Successful Community Efforts to Improve Quality of Life External Obstacles Conclusion 13. The Future of Community Policing Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going? The Future of Policing Positive Forces to the Institutionalization of Community Policing The Negative Forces of Change The Uncertain Forces of Institutionalization of Community Policing The Future Direction of Community Policing: Somewhere in the Middle of the Two Models