Design and Development of Aircraft Systems: An Introduction(Aerospace Series (Pep))

"Design and Development of Aircraft Systems" is for people who want to understand how industry develops the customer requirement into a fully integrated, tested, and qualified product that is safe to fly and fit for purpose. The previous books in the aerospace series "Aircraft Systems and Civil Avionics Systems" have been aimed at providing technical descriptions of the various systems of aircraft with examples of practical applications. In these books only a passing reference is made to the process by which such systems are designed and developed."Design and Development of Aircraft Systems" has been written to be generic and not to describe any single one process. It aims to complement the other volumes in the series, and will inform readers of the work that is carried out by engineers in the aerospace industry to produce innovative and challenging - yet safe and reliable - systems and aircraft. The aerospace series aims to be a practical and topical series of books aimed at engineering professionals, operators and users in the aerospace industry.

Table of Contents:
About the Authors xii; Author's Preface xiii; Acknowledgements xiv; Glossary of Terms xv; Chapter 1 - Introduction 1; 1.1 General 1; 1.2 System concepts 2; 1.3 Skills 4; 1.4 Overview 5; References 6; Further reading 7; Chapter 2 - The Aircraft Systems 9; 2.1 Introduction 9; 2.2 Definitions 9; 2.3 Everyday examples of systems 10; 2.4 Aircraft systems of interest 13; 2.4.1 Airframe systems 13; 2.4.2 Vehicle systems 14; 2.4.3 Avionics systems 16; 2.4.4 Mission systems 17; 2.5 Generic system definition 17; References 20; Further reading 20; Chapter 3 - The Design and Development Process 21; 3.1 Introduction 21; 3.2 Definitions 22; 3.3 The product life cycle 23; 3.4 Concept phase 26; 3.4.1 Engineering process 26; 3.4.2 Engineering skills 28; 3.5 Definition phase 28; 3.5.1 Engineering process 28; 3.5.2 Engineering skills 29; 3.6 Design phase 32; 3.6.1 Engineering process 33; 3.6.2 Engineering skills 33; 3.7 Build phase 33; 3.7.1 Engineering process 33; 3.7.2 Engineering skills 34; 3.8 Test phase 34; 3.8.1 Engineering process 34; 3.8.2 Engineering skills 35; 3.9 Operate phase 35; 3.9.1 Engineering process 35; 3.9.2 Engineering skills 36; 3.10 Disposal or refurbish phase 36; 3.10.1 Engineering process 37; 3.10.2 Engineering skills 37; 3.11 Whole life cycle tasks 37; References 38; Further reading 38; Chapter 4 - Design Drivers 39; 4.1 Introduction 39; 4.2 Design drivers in the business environment 40; 4.2.1 Customer 42; 4.2.2 Market and competition 42; 4.2.3 Defence policy 42; 4.2.4 Leisure and business interests 43; 4.2.5 Politics 43; 4.2.6 Technology 43; 4.3 Design drivers in the project environment 44; 4.3.1 Standards and regulations 45; 4.3.2 Availability 45; 4.3.3 Cost 46; 4.3.4 Programme 46; 4.3.5 Performance 46; 4.3.6 Skills and resources 47; 4.3.7 Health, safety and environmental issues 47; 4.3.8 Risk 48; 4.4 Design drivers in the product environment 48; 4.4.1 Functional performance 49; 4.4.2 Human-machine interface 49; 4.4.3 Crew and passengers 49; 4.4.4 Stores and cargo 50; 4.4.5 Structure 50; 4.4.6 Safety 51; 4.4.7 Quality 51; 4.4.8 Environmental conditions 51; 4.5 Drivers in the product operating environment 52; 4.5.1 Heat 52; 4.5.2 Noise 52; 4.5.3 Radio frequency radiation 53; 4.5.4 Solar energy 54; 4.5.5 Altitude 54; 4.5.6 Temperature 55; 4.5.7 Contaminants/destructive substances 55; 4.5.8 Lightning 55; 4.5.9 Nuclear, biological and chemical 56; 4.5.10 Vibration 56; 4.5.11 Shock 56; 4.6 Interfaces with the subsystem environment 57; 4.6.1 Physical interfaces 57; 4.6.2 Power interfaces 57; 4.6.3 Data communication interfaces 58; 4.6.4 Input/output interfaces 58; 4.6.5 Status/discrete data 59; References 59; Further reading 59; Chapter 5 - Systems Architectures 61; 5.1 Introduction 61; 5.2 Definitions 62; 5.3 Systems architectures 63; 5.3.1 General systems 66; 5.3.2 Avionic systems 66; 5.3.3 Mission systems 66; 5.3.4 Cabin systems 66; 5.3.5 Data bus 66; 5.4 Architecture modelling and trade-off 68; 5.4.1 Example of a developing architecture 69; 5.5 Evolution of avionics architectures 70; 5.5.1 Distributed analogue architecture 72; 5.5.2 Distributed digital architecture 73; 5.5.3 Federated digital architecture 75; 5.5.4 Integrated modular architecture 77; References 79; Further reading 79; Chapter 6 - Systems Integration 81; 6.1 Introduction 81; 6.2 Definitions 83; 6.3 Examples of systems integration 83; 6.3.1 Integration at the component level 83; 6.3.2 Integration at the system level 83; 6.3.3 Integration at the process level 89; 6.3.4 Integration at the functional level 90; 6.3.5 Integration at the information level 93; 6.3.6 Integration at the prime contractor level 93; 6.4 Systems integration skills 94; 6.5 Management of systems integration 94; 6.5.1 Major activities 95; 6.5.2 Major milestones 95; 6.5.3 Decomposition and definition process 96; 6.5.4 Integration and verification process 96; 6.5.5 Product engineering 97; References 97; Chapter 7 - Verification of System Requirements 99; 7.1 Introduction 99; 7.2 Gathering verification evidence in the life cycle 100; 7.3 Modelling techniques 102; 7.3.1 Cognitive models 102; 7.3.2 Iconic models 103; 7.3.3 Mathematical models and simulations 104; 7.3.4 Test rigs 105; 7.3.5 Prototypes 107; 7.4 Modelling tools and their application 108; 7.4.1 Information models 108; 7.4.2 Three-dimensional modelling 109; 7.4.3 Environmental control system model using Flowmaster 109; 7.4.4 Tool capability 110; 7.4.5 ECS model outline 110; 7.4.6 Design considerations 110; 7.4.7 Operating conditions 111; 7.4.8 Components used 111; 7.4.9 Human-machine interface prototyping using VAPS 111; 7.4.10 Bond graphs 112; 7.4.11 Fuel system model using Simulink 112; 7.4.12 Model considerations 115; 7.5 Declaring verification 116; References 116; Further reading 116; Chapter 8 - Practical Considerations 117; 8.1 Introduction 117; 8.2 Identification of stakeholders 118; 8.3 Communications 119; 8.3.1 Nature of communication 119; 8.3.2 Examples of organization communication media 121; 8.3.3 Cost of poor communication 122; 8.3.4 A lesson learned 122; 8.4 Giving and receiving criticism 123; 8.4.1 Need for criticism in the design process 124; 8.4.2 Nature of criticism 124; 8.4.3 Behaviours associated with criticism 125; 8.4.4 Conclusions 126; 8.5 Supplier relationships 126; 8.6 Engineering judgement 127; 8.7 Complexity 128; 8.8 Emergent properties 128; References 130; Further reading 130; Chapter 9 - Configuration Control 131; 9.1 Introduction 131; 9.2 Configuration control process 131; 9.3 Simple portrayal of a system 132; 9.4 Varying system configurations 134; 9.4.1 System configuration A 134; 9.4.2 System configuration B 135; 9.4.3 System configuration C 136; 9.5 Forward and backward compatibility 137; 9.5.1 Forward compatibility 137; 9.5.2 Backward compatibility 138; 9.6 Factors affecting compatibility 138; 9.6.1 Hardware 139; 9.6.2 Software 139; 9.6.3 Wiring 140; 9.7 System evolution 140; Chapter 10 - Aircraft System Example 143; 10.1 Introduction 143; 10.2 Design considerations 144; 10.3 Safety and economic considerations 145; 10.4 Failure severity categorization 146; 10.5 Design assurance levels 147; 10.6 Integration of aircraft systems 148; 10.6.1 Engine control system 150; 10.6.2 Flight control system 151; 10.6.3 Attitude measurement system 151; 10.6.4 Air data system 152; 10.6.5 Electrical power system 153; 10.6.6 Hydraulic power system 154; 10.6.7 Integration of avionics systems 155; References 158; Chapter 11 - Conclusions 159; 11.1 A historical footnote 161; References 162; Appendix 162; The systems of an aircraft 162; References 183; Index 185