Seismic Vulnerability of Structures

This book is focused on the seismic vulnerability assessment methods, applied to existing buildings, describing several behaviors and new approaches for assessment on a large scale (urban area). It is clear that the majority of urban centers are composed of old buildings, designed according to concepts and rules that are inadequate to the seismic context. How to assess the vulnerability of existing buildings is an essential step to improve the management of seismic risk and its prevention policy. After some key reminders, this book describes seismic vulnerability methods applied to a large number of structures (buildings and bridges) in moderate (France, Switzerland) and strong seismic prone regions (Italy, Greece). Contents 1. Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Buildings: Observational and Mechanical Approaches for Application in Urban Areas, Sergio Lagomarsino and Serena Cattari. 2. Mechanical Methods: Fragility Curves and Pushover Analysis, Caterina Negulescu and Pierre Gehl. 3. Seismic Vulnerability and Loss Assessment for Buildings in Greece, Andreas J. Kappos. 4. Experimental Method: Contribution of Ambient Vibration Recordings to the Vulnerability Assessment, Clotaire Michel and Philippe Guéguen. 5. Numerical Model: Simplified Strategies for Vulnerability Seismic Assessment of Existing Structures, Cédric Desprez, Panagiotis Kotronis and Stéphane Grange. 6. Approach Based on the Risk Used in Switzerland, Pierino Lestuzzi. 7. Preliminary Evaluation of the Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Bridges, Denis Davi. About the Authors Philippe Guéguen is a Senior IFSTTAR Researcher at ISTerre, Joseph Fourier University Grenoble 1, France

Table of Contents:
Introduction  xi Philippe GUEGUEN Chapter 1. Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Buildings: Observational and Mechanical Approaches for Application in Urban Areas 1 Sergio LAGOMARSINO and Serena CATTARI 1.1. Introduction  1 1.2. Damage levels and building types classification  8 1.3. The macroseismic approach 12 1.4. The mechanical approach  21 1.4.1. Masonry buildings  24 1.4.2. Reinforced concrete buildings 37 1.5. Implementation of models for scenario analysis at territorial scale  52 1.6. Final remarks 57 1.7. Bibliography 57 Chapter 2. Mechanical Methods: Fragility Curves and Pushover Analysis 63 Caterina NEGULESCU and Pierre GEHL 2.1. Introduction 63 2.2. Pushover analysis  64 2.2.1. What is pushover analysis? 64 2.2.2. How to calculate (or construct) a pushover curve? 65 2.2.3. Critical aspects in the construction (or calculation) of a pushover curve 72 2.2.4. Hypotheses and developments 73 2.2.5. Evaluation of the target displacement and the performance point (PP)  77 2.3. The fragility curves 83 2.3.1. From deterministic evaluation to fragility functions  83 2.3.2. The “indirect” methods based on the capacity curve . 89 2.3.3. “Direct” methods 94 2.3.4. Toward multivariate fragility functions  98 2.4. Conclusions 100 2.5. Bibliography 101 Chapter 3. Seismic Vulnerability and Loss Assessment for Buildings in Greece  111 Andreas J. KAPPOS 3.1. Introduction 111 3.2. Vulnerability assessment of RC buildings 113 3.2.1. Buildings analyzed 113 3.2.2. Inelastic analysis procedure  115 3.2.3. Estimation of economic loss using inelastic dynamic analysis 117 3.2.4. Development of pushover and capacity curves 119 3.2.5. Derivation of fragility curves 124 3.2.6. Fragility curves in terms of Sd 131 3.3. Vulnerability assessment of URM buildings 133 3.3.1. Overview of the methodology adopted 133 3.3.2. Purely empirical approach  133 3.3.3. Nonlinear analysis and capacity curves  136 3.3.4. Hybrid fragility curves 140 3.4. Region-specific fragility curves 144 3.5. Development of earthquake scenarios 147 3.6. Concluding remarks 153 3.7. Acknowledgments  155 3.8. Bibliography 156 Chapter 4. Experimental Method: Contribution of Ambient Vibration Recordings to the Vulnerability Assessment 161 Clotaire MICHEL and Philippe GUEGUEN 4.1. Introduction 161 4.2. Recordings and analysis of vibrations in structures  163 4.2.1. Historical background 163 4.2.2. Stability and temporal variation of the vibrations 169 4.2.3. Analysis of recordings  172 4.3. Observation of vibration of buildings and seismic design 176 4.3.1. Case of the common building in mainland France 176 4.3.2. Experimental data and vulnerability models  181 4.4. Modeling existing structures with the help of experimental data  183 4.4.1. Modal model 183 4.4.2. Validation using the buildings of Grenoble  184 4.5. Application to the study of vulnerability at a large scale  187 4.5.1. Fragility curves and uncertainties 187 4.5.2. Application in Grenoble 190 4.6. Limitations and outlook 196 4.6.1. Nonlinear behavior 196 4.6.2. Soil–strutcture interaction 198 4.7. Conclusions 199 4.8. Acknowledgments  202 4.9. Bibliography 202 Chapter 5. Numerical Model: Simplified Strategies for Vulnerability Seismic Assessment of Existing Structures  213 Cédric DESPREZ, Panagiotis KOTRONIS and Stéphane GRANGE 5.1. Introduction 213 5.2. Case study  216 5.2.1. Presentation of the structure 216 5.2.2. Spatial discretization  217 5.2.3. Constitutive laws 219 5.2.4. Validation of the numerical model 219 5.2.5. Assessment of the seismic vulnerability (dynamic simulations) 223 5.2.6. Estimation of the seismic vulnerability using pushover analysis  232 5.3. Conclusions 238 5.4. Caution  240 5.5. Acknowledgments  240 5.6. Bibliography 240 Chapter 6. Approach Based on the Risk Used in Switzerland 249 Pierino LESTUZZI 6.1. Introduction 249 6.2. Earthquake in the Swiss SIA construction codes 249 6.2.1. Seismic hazard 250 6.2.2. New and existing: different approaches  254 6.2.3. Existing: approach based on risk  255 6.3. Examples: masonry buildings 272 6.3.1. Analysis method and assumptions  273 6.3.2. Isolated building of three stories  275 6.3.3. Seven-story “bar-shaped” building  278 6.4. Bibliography. 285 Chapter 7. Preliminary Evaluation of the Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Bridges 287 Denis DAVI 7.1. Introduction 287 7.2. Experimental feedback from past earthquakes  288 7.2.1. Seismic behavior of bridges and main reasons for failure  288 7.2.2. The approaches for vulnerability evaluation developed abroad  298 7.3. The SISMOA method for the preliminary evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of bridges adapted to the French context 307 7.3.1. General context  307 7.3.2. Presentation of the calibration method 311 7.3.3. Calculation of the risk indexes and use of the results 322 7.3.4. Examples of application 325 7.4. Conclusions 334 7.5. Bibliography 335 7.6. List of acronyms  337 List of Authors 339 Index  341

About the Author :
Philippe Gueguen is Senior Researcher; ISTerre; IFSTTAR/CNRS/IRD/UdS; Université. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1, France.