Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Fundamentals

The design of mechanical structures with improved and predictable durability cannot be achieved without a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of fatigue damage and more specifically the relationships between the microstructure of materials and their fatigue properties. Written by leading experts in the field, this book (which is complementary to Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Application to Damage and Design, also edited by Claude Bathias and André Pineau), provides an authoritative, comprehensive and unified treatment of the mechanics and micromechanisms of fatigue in metals, polymers and composites. Each chapter is devoted to one of the major classes of materials or to different types of fatigue damage, thereby providing overall coverage of the field. The book deals with crack initiation, crack growth, low-cycle fatigue, gigacycle fatigue, shorts cracks, fatigue micromechanisms and the local approach to fatigue damage, corrosion fatigue, environmental effects and variable amplitude loadings, and will be an important and much used reference for students, practicing engineers and researchers studying fracture and fatigue in numerous areas of mechanical, structural, civil, design, nuclear, and aerospace engineering as well as materials science.

Table of Contents:
Foreword xiii Chapter 1. Introduction to Fatigue: Fundamentals and Methodology 1 André PINEAU and Claude BATHIAS 1.1. Introduction to the fatigue of materials 1 1.2. Mechanisms of fatigue damage 10 1.3. Test systems 13 1.4. Structural design and fatigue 15 1.5. Fatigue of polymers, elastomers and composite materials 16 1.6. Conclusion 18 1.7. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Modeling of Fatigue Strength and Endurance Curve 23 Henri-Paul LIEURADE 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Nature and aspect of the scatter of fatigue test results 25 2.3. Determination of the endurance limit 27 2.4. Estimation methods of fatigue resistance and standard deviation with N cycles 27 2.5. Mathematical representations and plotting methods of the Wöhler curve 47 2.6. Estimation of the cycle number N for a given level of stress amplitude 55 2.7. Influence of mechanical parameters on endurance 59 2.8. Relationship between endurance and mechanical characteristics (of steels) 62 2.9. Bibliography 66 Chapter 3. Fatigue Crack Initiation 69 Paul RABBE and Louis ANQUEZ 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. Physical mechanisms of crack initiation 70 3.3. Methods of evaluating crack initiation 81 3.4. Practical method of structure calculation 97 3.5. Bibliography 109 Chapter 4. Low-cycle Fatigue 113 André PINEAU 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Phenomenological description of low-cycle fatigue 122 4.3. Adaptation mechanism and cracking during low-cycle fatigue 134 4.4. Conclusion 172 4.5. Acknowledgements 172 4.6. Bibliography 173 Chapter 5. Gigacycle Fatigue 179 Claude BATHIAS 5.1. Introducing the real-life fatigue life of machines 179 5.2. Testing process 181 5.3. Systems of piezoelectric fatigue machines 188 5.4. SN curves above 107 cycles 190 5.5. Initiation mechanism under gigacycle fatigue 209 5.6. Assessing fatigue strength 219 5.7. Conclusion 226 5.8. Bibliography 226 Chapter 6. Fatigue Crack Growth Laws 231 Jacques MASOUNAVE, Jean-Paul BAÏLON and John-Ivan DICKSON 6.1. Introduction 231 6.2. Models describing crack propagation 232 6.3. Critical evaluation of the models 249 6.4. Future plans 258 6.5. Conclusion 260 6.6. Bibliography 261 Chapter 7. Short Crack Propagation 269 Yves VERREMAN 7.1. Introduction 269 7.2. Theoretical considerations showing the limits of LEFM 271 7.3. Experimental observations 275 7.4. Role of closure in the behavior of short cracks 285 7.5. Modeling of the behavior of short cracks 291 7.6. Conclusion 302 7.7. Acknowledgements 303 7.8. Bibliography 303 Chapter 8. Plastic Deformation Mechanisms at the Crack Tip 311 Claude BATHIAS 8.1. Introduction 311 8.2. Fatigue plastic deformation at the crack tip 312 8.3. Microfractographic aspects of the fatigue crack 323 8.4. Model based on displacement on crack tip opening 328 8.5. Cyclic stress hardening at the crack tip 331 8.6. Model based on the effective stress intensity factor 334 8.7. Conclusion 342 8.8. Bibliography 343 Chapter 9. Local Approach to Fatigue Crack Growth 347 Sylvie POMMIER 9.1. Introduction 347 9.2. Plasticity at the crack tip 348 9.3. Cyclic plasticity at the crack tip 355 9.4. Local approach to fatigue crack growth 366 9.5. Conclusion 372 9.6. Bibliography 373 Chapter 10. Corrosion Fatigue 377 Régis PELLOUX and Jean-Marc GENKIN 10.1. Introduction 377 10.2. Crack initiation 378 10.3. Short cracks 384 10.4. Long crack propagation 385 10.5. Conclusions 397 10.6. Bibliography 397 Chapter 11. Effect of Environment 401 Jean PETIT and Christine SARRAZIN-BAUDOUX 11.1. Introduction 401 11.2. Effect of environment on lifetime under high-cycle fatigue conditions 403 11.3. Influence of the environment on fatigue crack propagation 411 11.4. Conclusion 443 11.5. Bibliography 444 Chapter 12. Fatigue under Variable Amplitude Loadings 457 Thierry PALIN-LUC 12.1. Introduction 457 12.2. Variable amplitude loadings 460 12.3. Fatigue tests under variable amplitude loadings 478 12.4. Factors influencing the test results under variable amplitude loading 486 12.5. Fatigue lifetime assessment under variable amplitude loading 493 12.6. Conclusion 497 12.7. Bibliography 498 List of Authors 503 Index 505

About the Author :
Claude Bathias is Emeritus Professor at the University Paris 10-La Defense. He started his career as a research engineer in the aerospace and military industry where he remained for 20 years before becoming director of the CNRS laboratory ERA 914 at the University of Compiegne. He has launched two international conferences about fatigue: International Conference on the Fatigue of Composite Materials (ICFC) and Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF). André Pineau is Professor at Mines ParisTech and a member of the French Academy of Engineering. He has published about 300 papers in international journals and edited or co-edited 10 books. His main research fields are phase transformations, fatigue and fracture of metallic materials.