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Ireland's Environment

Ireland's Environment


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About the Book

Table of Contents:
Summary; Part I; Chapter 1; Introduction and Socio-economic Context; Author: Paul Toner 3; Background 4; Nature of the Report 4; Socio-economic Context 6; Population Trends 6; The Economy 7; Overall Performance 7; Energy Usage 8; Industry and Housing 8; Personal Expenditure 8; Infrastructural Development 9; Agriculture 9; Fisheries 10; Forestry 10; Tourism 11; Public Attitudes to the Environment 12; Regulatory and Other Policy Developments 14; General Remarks 14; International Developments 14; Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change 14; UN and EU Agreements on Acidification 15; Air Quality Directives 16; Water Framework Directive 16; EU Environmental Action Programme 18; EU REACH Proposal on Chemicals 18; National Developments 18; Protection of the Environment Act 2003 18; National Spatial Strategy 19; Sustainable Development 19; Research 20; Conclusions 21; Structure of the Report 21; References 21; Part II Environmental Quality; Chapter 2; Air Quality 25; Authors: Michael McGettigan and John Delaney; Introduction 26; Air Quality Monitoring and Assessment 26; Air Quality Framework Directive 26; Air Quality Standards Regulations 27; Air Quality Monitoring Stations 28; Air Quality Assessment 28; Smoke and Particulate Matter 28; Sulphur Dioxide 31; Nitrogen Dioxide 32; Ozone 32; Lead 34; Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Benzene 34; Research 34; Conclusions 36; References 36; Chapter 3; Inland Waters 39; Authors: Kevin Clabby, Jim Bowman, Micheal Mac Carthaigh and Kieran Fay; Introduction 40; Water Quality of Rivers and Streams 41; Background and Scope of Surveys 41; River Quality Classification 42; River Quality 1998-2000: National Position 42; River Quality 1998-2000: Regional Position 42; Causes of Pollution 44; Slight and Moderate Pollution 44; Serious Pollution 44; River Water Quality Trends 44; Long-Term Trends 44; Recent Trends 44; Regional Trends 45; Fish Kills 45; Nitrate and Phosphate in Rivers 46; Nitrate 46; Phosphate 48; Other Contaminats in Freshwaters 48; Water Quality of Lakes 49; Assessment of Lake Water Quality for Eutrophication 49; Background 49; Assessement and Classification 49; Water Quality of Lakes in the Period 1998-2000 50; Recent Trends in Lake Water Quality 50; Acidification of Lake Waters 51; Quality of Groundwaters 52; Groundwater Surveys 52; Monitoring Results 52; Bacteriological Quality 53; Nitrate Concentrations 54; Uranium 54; Conclusions 54; References 54; Chapter 4 Estuarine and Coastal Waters 59; Authors: Peter Cunnigham and John Lucey; Introduction 60; Water Quality in relation to Organic Matter and Nutrients 60; Eutrophication 60; Scope of the Monitoring Programme 60; Trophic Status of Irish Estuaries and Bays 1995-1999 61; General Water Quality and Trophic Status 1998-2000 61; Further Update on Trophic Status 62; Winter Nutrients in the Irish and Celtic Seas 63; Radioactivity in Irish Marine Waters 63; Chemical Contaminants in Fish, Shellfish and Cetaceans 64; Metals and Chlorinated Compounds 64; Tributyltin 65; Quality of Shellfish Waters 65; Classification 65; Biotoxins 66; Oil Pollution Incidents 67; Bathing Water Quality 68; Litter and Unauthorised Dumping on the Coast 70; Recent International Developments in relation to Monitoring of the Tidal Water Environment 70; National Monitoring Programme for Transitional, Coastal and Marine Waters 72; Marine Research and Development 72; Conclusions 72; References 73; Chapter 5; The Terrestrial Environment 77; Authors: Yvonne Doris and Odile Le Bolloch; Introduction 78; Changes in Land Cover and Land Use 78; Artificial Surfaces 79; Agricultural Areas 80; Forest and Semi-natural Areas 80; Wetlands 82; Water Bodies 82; Soil 82; The Rural Environment 84; Recreation 85; Hedgerows 86; Infrastructure 88; Urban Environment 88; Green Areas 89; Air Quality in the Urban Environment 89; Litter 89; Coastal Zone 90; Threats to the Coastal Zone 90; Coastal Zone Management 91; The Built Heritage 91; Architecture 91; Monuments 92; Archaeology 92; Managing Heritage 93; Discussion 93; References 94; Chapter 6; Natural Heritage and Biodiversity 97; Authors: John Lucey and Yvonne Doris; Introduction 98; Habitats 98; Terrestrial 98; Lowland Calcareous Grassland 98; Limestone Pavement 98; Woodlands 99; Wetlands 99; Fens 99; Montane Heath 100; Wet Heath 100; Inland Waters 100; Marine and Coastal 100; Saltmarshes 101; Species 101; Flora 101; Fauna 104; Butterflies 104; Dragonflies and Damselflies 104; Freshwater Mussels 105; Fishes 107; Amphibians 107; Reptiles 108; Birds 109; Bats 111; Cetaceans 111; Loss of Habitats and Species 112; Discussion 114; References 115; Part III The Sectors; Chapter 7; Agriculture and Forestry 121; Authors: Martin McGarrigle and Conor Clenaghan; Introduction 122; Agriculture Sectoral Changes 122; Livestock Numbers and Agricultural Land Use 122; National Policy and the EU Common Agricultural Policy 122; Pressures and Impacts 122; Eutrophication due to Phosphorus from Agriculture 122; Organic Pollution of Water 124; Impacts on Drinking Water 125; Impacts on Shellfish Harvesting Areas 125; Sheep Overgrazing 125; Intensive Pig and Poultry Production 126; Siltation 126; Pesticides 127; Odours and Airborne Pathogens from Agricultural Sources 127; Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture 127; Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture 127; Biodiversity Impacts 128; Environmental Protection 128; Conclusions Relating to Agriculture 129; Forestry Sectoral Changes 130; Pressures and Impacts 130; Acidification 130; Eutrophication 131; Pesticides, Herbicides and Other Chemicals 132; Siltation 132; Catchment Hydrology 133; Climate Change 133; Biodiversity and Landscape 134; Forest Health 134; Environmental Protection 135; Forest Legislation Sustainable Forest 135; Management 135; Conclusions Relating to Forestry 136; References 136; Chapter 8; Industry, Services and Energy Generation Sectors 141; Author: Gerry Byrne; Industry and Services Sectors 142; Sectoral Changes 142; Main Pressures 142; Energy Consumption 142; Resource Consumption 142; Air Emissions 142; Emissions to Water 144; Waste Management 144; Environmental Impacts 146; Land Contamination 146; Impacts on Water 146; Odour and Noise 146; Health Impacts 147; Eco-efficiency of the Sector 147; Environmental Protection 148; Regulation of Non-IPC Industry 150; Other Environmental Issues for Industry 150; Conclusions Relating to Industry and Services Sectors 152; Energy Generation Sector 152; Sectoral Changes 152; Main Pressures 152; Environmental Impacts 154; Eco-efficiency of the Sector 154; Environmental Protection 155; Conclusions Relating to Energy Generation Sector 156; References 157; Chapter 9; Transport 159; Authors: Michael McGettigan and Odile Le Bolloch; Introduction 160; Sectoral Changes 160; Growth in Transport and Traffic 160; Transport Patterns 160; Energy Consumption 160; Pressures from Transport 161; Emissions to Air 162; Land Use 162; Transport Waste 164; Impacts of Transport 164; Fatalities and Injuries 164; Noise 164; Ecological Damage 165; Progress on Sustainability 166; Transport Eco-efficiency 166; Transport Management and Environmental Protection 166; National Development Plan 166; Spatial Planning 168; Demand-side Measures 168; Supply-side Measures 169; Integrated Transport 169; Air Quality Management 169; Conclusions 170; References 171; Chapter 10; Fisheries and Aquaculture 173; Author: Shane O'Boyle; Introduction 174; Sectoral Developments 174; Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Resources 174; Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Resources 176; Pressures from Fisheries and Aquaculture 176; Impacts of Fishing on Fish Stocks and the Environment 176; State of Marine Fish Stocks 176; Pelagic Species 176; Demersal Species 178; Shellfish Species 179; Deepwater Species 179; Impact of Fishing on Juveniles, Non-target Fish 180; Species and Other Organisms State of Inland Fish Stocks 180; Salmon (Salmo salar) 181; Trout (Salmo trutta) 182; Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) 182; Twaite Shad (Alosa fallax) and Allis Shad (A. alosa) 182; Coarse Fish 183; European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) 184; Impacts of Aquaculture on the Environment 184; Environmental Management 187; Marine Fisheries 187; Marine Aquaculture 187; Inland Fisheries 188; Conclusions 188; References 188; Chapter 11; Household and Tourism Sectors 191; Authors: Avril Boland, Annmarie Tuohy and Patrice Crawley; Introduction 192; Households 192; Economy 192; Population Growth 192; Housing Construction and Development 192; Consumer Spending 194; Pressures and Impacts 194; Water 195; Energy 196; Wastewater 196; Transport 197; Waste 198; Eco-efficiency of the Household Sector 198; Responses 198; Water and Wastewater 198; Energy 200; Transport and Air Quality 200; Waste 200; Environmental 200; Education and Awareness Conclusions Relating to Households 201; Tourism 201; Pressures 201; State and Impact of Tourism-related Infrastructure 202; Responses 202; Funding and Policy 202; Tourism and Sustainability 204; Conclusions Relating to Tourism 205; References 206; Part IV The Key Issues; Chapter 12; Eutrophication of Inland and Estuarine Waters 209; Author: Martin McGarrigle Symptoms of Eutrophication 210; Rivers 210; Lakes 210; Estuaries 211; Groundwaters 212; Sources of Nutrients 212; Point Sources of Nutrients 212; Diffuse Nutrient Sources 213; Eutrophication due to Diffuse Phosphorus Losses from Agriculture 214; Almost Half the Eutrophication of Irish Rivers is due to Agricultural Sources 214; Over 70 per cent of Phosphorus Reaching Inland Waters Emanates from Agricultural Sources 214; The Measured Phosphorus Losses from Grasslands are Sufficient to Cause Significant Eutrophication 214; Diffuse Field Sources may be More Important than Farmyard Sources 215; Phosphorus Surpluses Accumulating in Soils are a Major Cause for Concern 215; Over-fertilisation of Grassland Soils is Widespread 215; High Soil Phosphorus Increases the Risk of Eutrophication 216; Reducing the build-up of Phosphorus in Soils can take Decades 216; NMP provides a win-win solution 217; Trends and Control Strategies 217; The Phosphorus Regulations 218; Catchment Management and Water Framework River Basin Districts 219; Conclusions 219; References 220; Chapter 13; Waste and Material Flow 225; Authors: Gerry Byrne, Brian Meaney and Caitriona Collins; Economic Growth and Increasing 226; Material and Resource Use Increasing Waste Generation 226; Waste Management and Infrastructure Deficit 228; Hazardous Waste Management 229; Export of Recyclable Waste 229; Environmental Impact of Waste Management 230; Waste Management Planning 232; Regulation and Enforcement 233; Waste Infrastructure Development 234; Development of Recyclable Materials Collection 234; Producer Responsibility Initiatives 235; Promotion of Waste Prevention 236; Increasing Awareness and Changing Attitudes 236; Conclusions 237; References 237; Chapter 14; Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases 241; Author: Frank McGovern; Introduction 242; Science of Climate Change: Tyndall to TAR 243; International Actions and the IPCC 244; Current Understanding of Climate Change 244; National Emissions of GHGs and the Kyoto Protocol 244; Potential Costs for Ireland Arising from the Kyoto Protocol 246; Flexible Mechanisms and Emissions Trading 247; Climate Change Research 248; Future Actions 248; Conclusions 249; References 249; Chapter 15; Acidifying Gases 253; Author: Michael McGettigan; Introduction 254; Emission Levels and Trends 254; Sulphur Dioxide 254; Nitrogen Oxides 254; Volatile Organic Compounds 254; Ammonia 255; Emissions from Large Combustion Plants 256; National Emission Ceilings 256; Emission Reduction Strategies 256; SO2 Abatement 257; NOx and VOC Abatement 258; NH3 Abatement 259; Conclusions 259; References 259; Chapter 16; Environment and Human Health 261; Author: Colman Concannon; Introduction 262; Environmental Hazards and Risks 262; Environmental Risk Assessment 263; Drinking Water 263; Drinking Water Monitoring 264; Toxic Air Pollutants 264; Smoke and PM10 264; Nitrogen Oxides 265; Carbon Monoxide 265; Ground-Level Ozone 265; Volatile Organic Compounds 265; Dangers of Sun Exposure 266; Radon 266; Radon in Schools 268; Workplace Radon 268; Uranium in Drinking Water 268; Children's Health and the Environment 269; Conclusions 270; References 271; Chapter 17; Protection of Natural Resources 273; Authors: John Lucey and Loraine Fegan; Introduction 274; Marine Resources 274; Eu Common Fisheries Policy 274; Depletion of Marine Fish Stocks 276; Protection of Coral and Maerl Deposits 276; Inland Fisheries 277; The Wild Salmon Fishery 278; Wetlands 278; Terrestrial Resources 278; Forests and Woodlands 278; Nature Conservation Measures and Farming 280; National Biological Records Centre 280; National Nature Conservation Law and Policies 280; Eu Nature Conservation Law and Ireland 282; Eu Conservation and Environment Grant Scheme 282; Conclusions 283; References 283; Chapter 18; Chemicals and Genetically Modified Organisms 287; Authors: Colman Concannon and Tom McLoughlin; Introduction 288; Chemicals in the Environment 288; Effects 288; Persistent Organic Pollutants 288; Heavy Metals 288; Dangerous Substances Monitoring in Ireland 289; Dioxins 289; Dioxin Monitoring in the Environment 289; Dioxin Inventory 290; Human Milk 290; Industrial Chemicals 290; Eu White Paper on Chemicals, Reach 290; Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Irish Aquatic Environment 291; Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Research Programme 292; Genetically Modified Organisms 292; The Licensing of GMO Users in Ireland 292; Contained Use of GMOs 292; Deliberate Release of GMOs into the Environment 292; GMO Trials in Ireland 293; Placing on the Market of GMOs 293; Conclusions 293; References 294; Chapter 19; Overview and Future Agenda 297; Author: Gerard O'Leary; Introduction 298; Overview 298; Eutrophication of Waters 298; Waste and Material Flows 299; Greenhouse Gases 300; Acidifying Gases 301; Protection of Natural Resources 301; Environment and Health 301; Chemicals and Genetically Modified Organisms 302; Future Agenda 302; Integration of Environmental and Natural Resource Considerations 302; Enforcement 304; In Conclusion 304; References 305; Acronyms & Abbreviations 306; Glossary 308; Comment Form 315


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9781840951349
  • Publisher: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • Publisher Imprint: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • Height: 207 mm
  • ISBN-10: 1840951346
  • Publisher Date: /04/2004
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Width: 210 mm


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