The States of the Earth: An Ecological and Racial History of Secularization

How did disenchantment lead to climate change? The States of the Earth argues that European empires have become secular as they were entering the age of coal and using Orientalism as a way of racializing the Other. While industrial states started colonizing parts of Asia and Africa in the aftermath of the French Revolution, massive conversion of natives to Christianity waned in favor of the civilizing mission. The critique of Heaven has thus overturned the Earth through empire and racial capitalism. Our globalized civilization has not been able to get rid of Heaven but has decided to look for it on Earth by accumulating growth through the devastation of nature. The secular age is therefore a fossil age and the Anthropocene, a Secularocene. Far from defending religion against a disenchanted modernity, this book suggests that phenomena such as evangelism or political Islam should be seen as products of empire and secularization. Religions themselves have adapted to a world in which steam and railways were considered as divine.

Table of Contents:
Preface to the English-language edition Acknowledgements Prologue Introduction 1. The Republic Converts to Islam: The French Expedition to Egypt and Its Afterlives 2. Giving Birth to the Universal: How the Colonization of Africa Secularized Europe 3. Race and the Inconvertible: On Apartheid in North Africa 4. Anatomy of the Fossil State: Geopolitics of Climate in Europe and Beyond 5. Gospels of the Reich: Th e Eastern Question and the Jewish Question 6. A Circle of Returns: Towards a Critique of Imperiality Epilogue Index

About the Author :
Mohamed Amer Meziane is a philosopher, historian and performer based in New York. Born in London to Algerian parents, he spent his early childhood in the Middle East and North Africa before settling in France. He then grew up near Paris, thorned between a Muslim Algerian upbringing nurtured by the legacy of Third World Revolutions and the French secular school system in which Arabs were systematically racialized. Initially a musician, he decided to become a philosopher to inquire on the roots of this racial conflict. As a result, he defended a PhD at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and criticized the Western canon from his own perspective. In the aftermath of the Parisian attacks of 2015, his work became a target of the far right and he moved to New York, where he taught for 4 years at Columbia University before joining Brown University as an Assistant Professor.

Review :
Young philosopher and historian Mohamed Amer Meziane, in his recently published book, argues that Europe, and France specifically, give themselves credit for having modernized during the 19th century. But this was the period of France's imperial adventures in the Muslim world, which - not coincidentally, he powerfully argues - racialized the concept of "religiosity," rendering it "uncivilized." The young philosopher Mohamed Amer Meziane has recently proposed a stimulating and iconoclastic argument in his book The States of the Earth (Des empires sous la terre). According to this professor at Columbia University in New York, the West is underpinned by an imperialism initially expressed by Christianity, in particular with the papal revolution. Modern secularization does not constitute the death of Christianity, but operates a transfer of this religious sovereignty into an earthly mission, with the colonial enterprise and the massive exploitation of the Earth. "The critique of heaven has overturned the Earth," summarizes Meziane - who calls "Secularocene" the concrete implementation of an imperialism consisting in realizing Christianity on Earth. By weaving unprecedented links between secularization, colonization and ecological catastrophe, Mohamed Amer Meziane lays the foundations of a work that is likely to open up radically new, and perhaps even revolutionary, horizons of thought The consequences of this book are considerable. It will take time to meditate on them, to unfold them, to measure their scope. An extremely important and erudite book. Extraordinary in many parts, it will be discussed for a long time to come and is destined to generate new debates. It will be difficult from now on to think without some of the main concepts it invents, such as imperiality, which disrupts the way we write the history of modern political regimes. It is impressive in its erudition, in its knowledge - it is the result of a considerable amount of work - and also in its impetus, strength and commitment. It is a book that is not only content to assemble knowledge, to refine concepts, but that wants to defend an argument - several arguments in fact - and thus launch a discussion. This is what is going to happen and it is already happening. This discussion is starting and it will grow. An extraordinary book. Mohamed Amer Meziane's breathtaking analysis of the making of fossil states opens to a new genre of history writing where the very layers of earth's riches are at its center. In this fascinating book, Mohamed Amer Meziane has brought together a number of themes in a thought-provoking way: the crisis of climate change, the rampant exploitation and pollution of the earth, the state and imperialism, and what Weber famously called the disenchantment of the modern world. It deserves to be widely read. An important and wonderfully written book. Its importance lies in the way it recasts the concept of secularization by redefining it in a rigorous and illuminating way. A marvellous historical and philosophical investigation. In a fascinating investigation, the philosopher Mohamad Amer Meziane explores the roots of the secularization process, which led to the separation of politics and religion. And shows that the erasure of God was never the goal of this great movement, whose motive was primarily imperial and colonial. The flight of the gods was a collateral effect of this change of discourse, which engendered a new, predatory relationship with nature. Imperialism, ecological crisis and secularization are inseparable. An astonishing argument defended by Amer Meziane in a book as innovative as ambitious. Secularization is not, contrary to the way the problem is generally approached, a question of "disenchantment of the world" or "death of God". It is an instrument in the hands of colonial domination. And also, in an indissociable way, one of the deep sources of the contemporary ecological crisis, to the point that we should speak of the "Secularocene". Mohamed Amer Meziane zeroes in on the half-life of western secularism, investigating the centuries-long fallout of replacing one kind of religion with another: racialized capitalism. The States of the Earth makes several innovative arguments, such as an adapted genealogy of Orientalist discourse in which European opposition to Islam was a material precondition for New World genocide and the transatlantic slave trade, but the most notable is clearly the connection it makes between secularization and the development of what Meziane calls 'fossil capitalism.' The States of the Earth is timely and challenging...The book presents a unique alternative to preexisting visions of world history, especially those based on progressive modernism or historical stage theory. With its original combination of historical analysis and philosophical conceptualization, the book invites us to reconsider the spatiotemporality of the reality we confront today, structured by the triad of capitalism-nations-states. Meziane shows how you cannot understand the environmental crises without understanding imperialism, and that you cannot understand imperialism without understanding its religious origins.