Civil Engineering Structures According to the Eurocodes: Inspection and Maintenance

"This standard assumes that the structure, after completion, is used as intended in the project and subject to planned inspection and maintenance to meet the expected project lifetime and to detect any unforeseen weakness or behavior" (EN 13670 §4.1) An important decision factor in the design of new structures and repairs to existing structures is the lifetime or expected service life. This concept, which is common for civil engineering works, has been extended to all engineering and building works by applying the European Structural Design Codes. This book tries to take stock of the inspection methodologies related to each type of civil engineering work, the various pathologies of concrete structures, and gives examples of the writing of reports.

Table of Contents:
Introduction ix Chapter 1 Inspection of Structures: Methodologies 1 1.1 Bridges 1 1.1.1 General information 1 1.1.2 Regulatory documents 4 1.1.3 Human resources 6 1.1.4 Material resources 6 1.1.5 The project file 8 1.1.6 How an inspection is carried out 9 1.1.7 The inspection report 10 1.1.8 Points to look out for 11 1.1.9 Classification example 11 1.2 Structures for the retention and transportation of liquids 11 1.2.1 General information 11 1.2.2 Regulatory documents 14 1.2.3 Human resources 14 1.2.4 The material means 15 1.2.5 The project file 16 1.2.6 How the inspection is carried out 16 1.2.7 The inspection report 17 1.2.8 Points to look out for 19 1.3 Storage structures for petroleum products 24 1.3.1 General information 24 1.3.2 How the inspection is carried out 27 1.3.3 Specificities for this type of structure 28 1.3.4 Points to look out for 31 1.4 Maritime structures 34 1.4.1 General information 34 1.4.2 Principles of the CSV method 36 1.4.3 Determination of the strategic index SI 38 1.4.4 Frequency of visits 39 1.4.5 Defining the priorities 39 1.4.6 Summary of the CSV method 40 1.4.7 Points to look out for 41 1.5 Silos 50 1.5.1 General information 50 1.5.2 Reminder on the regulations for the mechanical operation of silos 51 1.5.3 Principle of inspection 52 1.5.4 Follow-up file 55 1.5.5 Inspection procedure 55 1.5.6 The inspection report 56 1.5.7 Points to look out for 57 1.6 Gantry, metal hanger and high masts 59 1.6.1 General information 59 1.6.2 Principle of inspection 59 1.6.3 The inspection report 60 1.6.4 Points to look out for 61 Chapter 2 Concept of Resistance of Materials: Application to Reinforced Concrete 67 2.1 General information on reinforced concrete 67 2.2 Concrete material 68 2.2.1 Cement 68 2.2.2 Aggregates 69 2.2.3 Mixing water 69 2.2.4 Admixture 69 2.2.5 Mechanical properties of concrete 70 2.2.6 Eurocode 2 provisions for concrete 74 2.3 Steels 81 2.3.1 The mechanical properties of steels 81 2.3.2 Steel-concrete bonding 85 2.4 Concept of strength of materials 87 2.4.1 Compression/traction 88 2.4.2 Pure flexion 89 2.4.3 Shear stress 91 2.4.4 Torsion 93 Chapter 3 Pathology of Structures 95 3.1 Pathology of concrete structures 95 3.1.1 Cracking 95 3.1.2 The degradation of concrete 106 3.2 The pathology of masonry structures 139 3.2.1 General information 139 3.2.2 Major disorders that may affect masonry 139 3.3 The pathology of composite material structures 145 3.3.1 General information on composite materials 145 3.3.2 Main pathologies of composite materials 150 Chapter 4 Techniques for Repairing Civil Engineering Works 161 4.1 Repair of concrete structures 161 4.1.1 The glued metal plates technique 161 4.1.2 The technique of glued composite fabrics or plates 170 4.1.3 The technique of additional prestressing 178 4.1.4 The shotcrete technique 183 4.1.5 Repair of superficially degraded concretes 191 4.2 Protection of concrete structure 198 4.2.1 Cathodic protection of reinforcements 198 4.3 Underground recovery 203 4.3.1 Principle of the technique 203 4.3.2 Regulations 203 4.3.3 Principle for sizing of reinforcements 203 4.3.4 Implementation of reinforcements 204 Chapter 5 Inspection and Maintenance of Structures in the United States: Methodologies 209 5.1 Engineering structures 209 5.1.1 General information 209 5.1.2 Regulations 210 5.1.3 Human resources 211 5.1.4 Material resources 211 5.1.5 The inspection report 212 5.1.6 Points to look out for 213 5.2 Storage structures for petroleum products 214 5.2.1 General information 214 5.2.2 Inspection procedure 215 5.2.3 Points to look out for 216 Appendices 217 Appendix 1 Examples of Diagnosis on a Drinking Water Storage Structure Based on the CEMAGREF Method 219 Appendix 2 Examples of Diagnosis on a Petroleum Products Storage Tank According to the DT 92 Method 251 Appendix 3 Examples of Diagnosis of a Marine Structure Using the CETMEF VSC Method 261 Appendix 4 Inspection Report “Gantries, Metal Hangers and High Masts” 305 Appendix 5 Measuring Equipment 315 Appendix 6 Inspections of Bridges 317 Bibliography 321 Index 325

About the Author :
Xavier Lauzin is a Civil Works Expert. He is a graduate of the ESTP and teaches at the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, the International Office of Water and ENGEES.