Memorials in Times of Transition: (17 Series on Transitional Justice)

Over the past decades, the practise of and research on transitional justice have expanded to preserving memory in the form of memorials. Memorials often employ a common architectural language and a set of political and ethical claims dictate the effect memory can or should have after large-scale violence: providing public sites of commemoration and mourning, putting past wrongs right, holding perpetrators accountable, vindicating the dignity of victims-survivors and contributing to reconciliation. Yet what are the general roles of memorials in transitions to justice? Who uses or opposes memorials, and to which ends? How - and what - do memorials communicate both explicitly and implicitly to the public? What is their architectural language? Questions such as these have long been pursued within the growing field of memory studies and provide valuable insights for researchers in transitional justice who mostly focus on the role of memorials as a mechanism to further some form of justice after the experience of violence. The goal of this volume is therefore to situate the analysis of transitional justice within memory studies' broader critical understanding of the socio-political, aesthetic and ethical concerns underlying these memorial projects. It combines the two by providing a transnational selection of single case-studies that emphasise the global dimension of memory culture while couching it in current debates in the field of transitional justice.

Table of Contents:
Memorials in Times of Transition - Susanne Buckley-Zistel and Stefanie Schafer 1. Social Memory, Memorials and Meaning 2. Memorialisation, Memorials and Transitional Justice 3. Forms of Memorials in Times of Transition 4. Structure of the Volume Bibliography I. CONNECTING TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND MEMORIALS Chapter 1. Memorialisation in Post-conflict Societies in Africa: Potentials and Challenges - Ereshnee Naidu 1. Debates in the Field of Transitional Justice 2. Symbolic Reparations and Memorialisation in Post-conflict Societies 3. Memorialisation: Fuelling Underlying Divisions? 4. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2. Reflecting the Fractured Past: Memorialisation, Transitional Justice and the Role of Outsiders - Judy Barsalou 1. Defining Memorialisation: Forms, Timing, Initiators and Intentions 2. Memorialisation and Types of Conflict 2.1. Dictatorships and Political Repression 2.2. Ethnic Conflict 2.3. Mass Killings and Genocide 3. Connecting Memorialisation to Transitional Justice and Reconciliation 4. Getting Involved: The Role of Outsiders in Memorialisation 5. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3. Aletheia and the Making of the World: Inner and Outer Dimensions of Memorials in Rwanda - Julia Viebach 1. Memorialisation in Rwanda 2. Inside and Outside of Memorials 2.1. Making the World: Inside of Memorials 2.1.1. To the Beginnings: The Unmaking of the World 2.1.2. Fragments of World Alteration: The Practice of Care-taking and Human Remains as Collective Artefacts 2.2. Aletheia: The Outer Dimension of Memorials 2.2.1. Memory-Truth 2.2.2. Memory-Justice 2.2.3. The Unforgotten: Suffering and Victimhood in the Visuality and Materiality of Memorials 3. Juxtaposing Aletheia and Making the World or Juxtaposing Inner and Outer Dimensions . 92 Bibliography II. MEMORIAL SPACES AND REPRESENTATION Chapter 4. Detained in the Memorial Hohenschonhausen: Heterotopias, Narratives and Transitions from the Stasi Past in Germany - Susanne Buckley-Zistel 1. The Berlin-Hohenschonhausen Memorial Museum 2. Analysing Memorial Museums 3. Of Other Spaces: Inside Hohenschonhausen 3.1. The Physical Structures 3.2. The Guided Tours 4. Out of Other Spaces: Outside Hohenschonhausen 4.1. Transitional Justice and Memory in Germany 4.2. Competing Narratives and the 'Aufarbeitungskombinat' 5. The Gap between Transition and Justice 119 Bibliography Chapter 5. Stories of Beginnings and Endings: Settler Colonial Memorials in Australia - Elizabeth Strakosch 1. Settler Colonialism 2. Colonial Beginnings 3. Colonial Endings 4. Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Memorials 5. Reconciliation Place as Colonial Ending 6. Conclusion 144 Bibliography Chapter 6. Manicured Nails but Shackled Hands? The Representation of Women in Northern Ireland's Post-conflict Memory - Kristian Brown 1. The Northern Ireland Troubles 2. Transitional Justice and Memorialisation in a Divided Society 3. Women and Memory in Northern Ireland 3.1. A Complex Gender Matrix: Nationalisms, Peace-making and 'the Troubles' 3.2. Gendered Memories of the Northern Ireland Conflict: Marginalisation 4. The Representation of Women in Irish Republican Memorials 4.1. Women and Historical Struggle 4.2. Woman as Fighter 4.3. Woman as Prisoner 4.4. Woman as Victim 4.5. Woman as Symbol of the Nation 4.6. Woman as Resisting Citizen 4.7. Woman as Icon or Martyr 4.8. Woman as Mother 5. Representations of Republican Women: Beyond Marginalisation? 6. Possible Futures in Representing the Past 7. Conclusion 168 Bibliography III. CONTESTATION AND POLITISATION OF MEMORIALS Chapter 7. The Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial: Promoting (In)Justice? - Christian Braun 1. The Srebrenica Memorial as an Example for Memorials in Divided Societies 2. The Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial 2.1. The Form of the Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial 2.2. Exploring the Memorial: The Narratives of Commemorating Genocide 2.3. Narratives of Remembrance 2.4. Conceiving and Construction of the Memorial 2.4.1. The Serb Community: Denial and Obstruction 2.4.2. The International Community: Between Security and Shame 2.4.3. The Bosniaks: Mourning, Revenge and Political Benefits 2.5. The Memorial in the Mind of the Community 3. Transitional Justice in Divided Societies 194 Bibliography Chapter 8. Memorials, Memorialisation and Social Action in Santiago de Chile - Katrien Klep 1. Transitional Justice and Memorialisation 2. The Cemetery: Mourning and Demands of Justice at the Memorial del Detenido Desaparecido y del Ejecutado Politico 3. The City: Political Agency and Public Debate at Londres 38, Espacio de Memorias 4. Local and National Dynamics of Memorialisation 215 Bibliography Chapter 9. Commemorating the Famine as Genocide: The Contested Meanings of Holodomor Memorials in Ukraine - Tatiana Zhurzhenko 1. The Holodomor as Genocide: National Memory in the Age of Globalisation 2. Memorialising the Holodomor as Genocide 3. The 'Candle of Memory': The National Memorial to the Victims of the Holodomor in Kyiv 4. The Holodomor Memorial in Kharkiv 5. Conclusion Bibliography About the Authors

About the Author :
Susanne Buckley-Zistel is Professor for Peace and Conflicts Studies at the Center for Conflict Studies, University of Marburg. She holds a PhD in International Relations from the London School of Economics and has held positions at King's College, London, the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt and the Free University Berlin. Her research focuses on issues pertaining to peacebuilding, transitional justice, gender and post-structural theory. Stefanie Schafer is a research fellow at the Irmgard Coninx Foundation and is affiliated with the Graduate School of East Asian Studies, Freie Universitat Berlin. Her PhD project focuses on the formation of public Hiroshima commemoration, the historical contingency of collective memory and questions of dark tourism. She received an MA in Japanese Studies from the Eberhard-Karls-University Tubingen and began her PhD at the Department of History at Cornell University.