Special Tests in Orthopedics

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. General Screening Exams Dermatomes, Myotomes, and Reflexes Reflexes Gait Beighton Test Chapter 2. Cervical and Thoracic Spine Hoffman’s Sign Hand Withdrawal Reflex Valsalva Maneuver Cervical Compression Tests Upper Limb Tension Test 1: Median Nerve Upper Limb Tension Test 2: Median Nerve Passive Upper Limb Tension Test: Radial Nerve Passive Upper Limb Tension Test: Ulnar Nerve Cervical Radiculopathy Test Cluster Nerve Root Compression Relief Test Cervical Distraction Relief Test Brachial Plexus Compression Test Shoulder Depression Test Tinel’s Sign Active Upper Limb Tension Test: Median Nerve Active Upper Limb Tension Test: Radial Nerve Active Upper Limb Tension Test: Ulnar Nerve Adson’s Test Allen Test Military Brace Position Vertebral Artery Compression Test Roos Test Sharp-Purser Test  Alar Ligament Stress Test Transverse Ligament Stress Canadian C-Spine Rule Anteroposterior Rib Compression Test Lateral Rib Compression Test Chapter 3. Lumbopelvic Stork Standing Test Straight-Leg Raise Test Crossed Straight-Leg Raise Test Slump Test Kernig-Brudzinski Test Bowstring Test Lumbar Quadrant Test Hoover Test Test Cluster for SI Joint Pathology Gaenslen’s Test Sacral Thrust Test Anterior Sacroiliac Compression Test Anterior Sacroiliac Distraction Test Posterior Distraction Test (Prone) Thigh Thrust Femoral Nerve Traction Test Prone Instability Test Two-Stage Treadmill Test Chapter 4. Shoulder Anterior and Posterior Load and Shift Test Apprehension Test Relocation Test Anterior Release Test Anterior Drawer Test Posterior Apprehension Test  Posterior Apprehension Test in Scapular Plane Posterior Drawer Test Inferior Drawer Test Sulcus Sign Shear Test Compression Test Active Compression Test Sternoclavicular Joint Integrity Test Drop Arm Test Jobe Empty Can Test Full Can Test Infraspinatus Strength Test External Rotation Lag Sign Lift Off Test Belly Press Test Bear Hug Test Upper Cut Test Speed’s Test Yergason’s Test Subacromial Impingement Cluster Active Impingement Test Yocum Test Neer Impingement Test Hawkins-Kennedy Test Impingement Relief Test Cluster for Labral Tear Pain Provocation Test Biceps Load Test Biceps Load II Test Modified Dynamic Labral Shear Test     Passive Distraction Test Anterior Slide Test Clunk Test Crank Test Passive Compression Test Compression Rotation Test Jerk Test Pectoralis Major Contracture Test  Scapular Assistance Scapular Dyskinesia Chapter 5. Elbow Valgus Stress Test Varus Stress Test Moving Valgus Stress Test Modified Milking Maneuver Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture Test Hook Test Passive Lateral Epicondylopathy Test Active Lateral Epicondylopathy Test Cozens Test Passive Medial Epicondylopathy Test Active Medial Epicondylopathy Test Tinel’s Sign Elbow Flexion Test Pronator Teres Test Radioulnar Joint Stress Test Prone Push-Up Test Chapter 6. Wrist and Hand Radial and Ulnar Collateral Stress Tests Metacarpal and Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament (Varus or Valgus) Stress Test Thumb UCL Laxity Test Ulnar Fovea Sign TFCC Compression Test Supination Lift Test Distal Radioulnar Ballottement Test Scaphoid Shift Test Lunotriquetral Ballottement Test Flexor Tendon Avulsion Test Extensor Tendon Avulsion Test Finkelstein Test Trigger Finger Test Bunnel-Littler Test Compression Test Vibration Test Tinel’s Sign Two-Point Discrimination Test  Phalen’s Test Reverse Phalen’s Test Carpal Tunnel Compression Test Hand Elevation Test Allen Test Retinacular Test Chapter 7. Hip and Thigh Piriformis Test Trendelenburg Test Thomas Test Kendall Test Ober’s Test Nélaton’s Line Test Stress Fracture Test Patellar-Pubic Percussion Test Patrick’s Test Flexion, Adduction, and Internal Rotation (FADDIR) Test Fitzgerald Test Hip Scouring Test Craig’s Test Measurement of True Leg Length Discrepancy Measurement of Apparent Leg Length Discrepancy Chapter 8. Knee Sweep Test Ballotable Patella Test Lachman Test Lateral Pivot Shift Maneuver Test Lever Sign Anterior Drawer Test Posterior Drawer Test Posterior Sag Sign Quadriceps Active Test Valgus Stress Test Varus Stress Test Slocum Test for Anterolateral Rotary Instability Slocum Test for Anteromedial Rotary Instability Side-Lying Slocum Test Hughston’s Test Dial Test McMurray’s Test Apley Distraction/Compression Test Thessaly Test Ege’s Test Bounce Home Test Patellar Apprehension Test Patellar Grind Test Measurement of Pelvic Tilt Measurement of Tibiofemoral Angle Measurement of Quadriceps Angle (Q-Angle) Measurement of Genu Recurvatum Measurement of Tibial Torsion Noble’s Compression Test Wilson’s Test Chapter 9. Foot and Ankle Anterior Drawer Test Medial Talar Tilt Test Lateral Talar Tilt Test Kleiger Test Modified Kleiger Test for Syndesmotic Separation Squeeze Test for Syndesmotic Separation Thompson Test Calcaneal Squeeze Test Percussion Test Pott’s Compression Test Hoffa’s Test Ottawa Ankle Rules Morton’s Test Tinel’s Sign Deep Peroneal Nerve Compression Test Homan’s Sign Forefoot–Hindfoot Alignment Test Calcaneal–Tibial Alignment Test Feiss Line Evaluation Navicular Drop Measurement Figure-Eight Measurement Windlass Test (Non-Weight-Bearing) Windlass Test (Weight-Bearing) Chapter 10. Head and Neurologic Bite Test Maxillary Fracture Test Percussion Test Digit Span Test Serial Sevens Test SCAT6 Cognitive Screen (Standardized Assessment of Concussion) Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) Test Tandem Gait Test Dual-Task Tandem Gait Test Vestibular Oculomotor Screen (VOMS) Dix Hallpike Chapter 11. Abdominal Kehr’s Sign Rebound Test Rovsing Sign McBurney’s Point Urine Test for Hematuria Murphy’s Sign References Index About the Authors

About the Author :
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod, PhD, ATC, FNATA, FNAK, FNAP, is the chair, professor, and director of the department of athletic training at A.T. Still University in Mesa, Arizona, where she serves as the John P. Wood, D.O., Endowed Chair for Sports Medicine. McLeod was the founding director of the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network at A.T. Still University. As a researcher, McLeod has focused on the pediatric athlete with respect to sport-related concussions. She serves as an associate editor of the Journal of Sport Rehabilitation and a senior editor of the Journal of Athletic Training. McLeod is a certified athletic trainer and fellow of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA), where she has a long history of leadership and service. She is a contributing author for the NATA position statements on the management of sport-related concussions and the lead author on the NATA position statement on the prevention of pediatric overuse injuries. In 2016, McLeod was honored by NATA with the Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer Award, and she received the Medal for Distinguished Athletic Training Research from the NATA Foundation in 2023. McLeod is heavily involved in professional service with the Arizona Interscholastic Association; the NFL Head, Neck, and Spine Committee; and the Brain Injury Association of Arizona. In 2019, she received the National Achievement Award for Athletic Training from the Pediatric Research in Sports Medicine (PRiSM) Society. She is also a fellow of the National Academy of Kinesiology and National Academies of Practice – Athletic Training. Sandra J. Shultz, PhD, ATC, FNATA, FNAK, FACSM, is professor emerita and former chair in the department of kinesiology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where she served as codirector of the Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory and as director of the Center for Women’s Health and Wellness. As a researcher, Shultz focuses on the study of risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes and has received grant funding from the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA) Research and Education Foundation, the National Football League Medical Charities, and the National Institutes of Health. She is the primary author of the NFHS’s Sports Medicine Handbook and the NATA’s Appropriate Medical Care for Intercollegiate Athletics. She has served as a senior associate editor for the Journal of Athletic Training and currently serves as an editorial board member for Sports Health. Shultz is a certified athletic trainer and member of NATA, where she has a long history of leadership and service. Shultz was inducted into the NATA Hall of Fame in 2015. Her awards from the NATA and NATA Foundation include the Dr. Freddie & Mrs. Hilda Pang Fu New Investigator Award, the Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer Award, the Sayers “Bud” Miller Distinguished Educator Award, and the Medal for Distinguished Athletic Training Research. Shultz is a fellow of the NATA, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK).