Forbidden Memory: Tibet During the Cultural Revolution

Access the glossary of Tibetan terms. Access the glossary of Chinese and English terms. Access the Index.   When Red Guards arrived in Tibet in 1966, intent on creating a classless society, they unleashed a decade of revolutionary violence, political rallies, and factional warfare marked by the ransacking of temples, the destruction of religious artifacts, the burning of books, and the public humiliation of Tibet’s remaining lamas and scholars. Within Tibet, discussion of those events has long been banned, and no visual records of this history were known to have survived. In Forbidden Memory the leading Tibetan writer Tsering Woeser presents three hundred previously unseen photographs taken by her father, then an officer in the People’s Liberation Army, that show for the first time the frenzy and violence of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet. Found only after his death, Woeser’s annotations and reflections on the photographs, edited and introduced by the Tibet historian Robert Barnett, are based on scores of interviews she conducted privately in Tibet with survivors. Her book explores the motives and thinking of those who participated in the extraordinary rituals of public degradation and destruction that took place, carried out by Tibetans as much as Chinese on the former leaders of their culture. Heartbreaking and revelatory, Forbidden Memory offers a personal, literary discussion of the nature of memory, violence, and responsibility, while giving insight into the condition of a people whose violently truncated history they are still unable to discuss today.

Table of Contents:
Foreword     Wang Lixiong A Note on the Photographs     Tsering Woeser Defining Revolution: A Note on the Word Shajie     Tsering Woeser Introduction     Robert Barnett A Note on the English Edition     Robert Barnett and Susan T. Chen I. Smash the Old Tibet! The Cultural Revolution Arrives    On the Eve of Revolution     The Sacking of the Jokhang     The Red Guards in Lhasa Take Action    How Was the Jokhang Sacked?    The Red Guards from Mainland China     The Aftermath of the Sacking of the Jokhang     Who Is to Be Blamed?     After the Sacking    Denouncing the Ox-Demon-Snake-Spirits     Ox-Demon-Snake-Spirits in Tibet    The Diversification of Activists     Rule by Intimidation: Life Under the Neighborhood Committees    Changing Names     The Barkor Becomes “Establish-the-New Avenue”    The Norbulingka Is Changed to the “People’s Park”     Renaming Chagpori as “Victory Peak”     II. Civil War among the Rebels: “Whom to Trust-The Faction Decides!”    The Two Main Rebel Factions: Key Facts     Factional Ideologies: Fighting over the Same Idea    A Rivalry of Blood and Fire     The Dust Settles     III. The Dragon Takes Charge: The People’s Liberation Army in Tibet    Military Rule     The People’s Liberation Army in Tibet    Conflicts within the Military     The Passionate Dedication of the Military Propaganda Teams    Everyone a Soldier: The Tibetan Militia     IV. Mao’s New Tibet: Revolutionary Violence and Destruction    The Revolutionary Committees     The People’s Communes     Installing a New God     V. Coda: The Wheel Turns    The Karmic Debt     Postscript: Forty-Six Years Later     Return to Lhasa     Forty-Six Years Later Appendix: Jampa Rinchen’s Testimony     Glossary of Chinese and English Terms     Glossary of Tibetan Terms         Notes     References    

About the Author :
Tsering Woeser is a Tibetan poet and essayist. She is the most prominent commentator on the Tibet issue still living within China and has written twenty-one books in Chinese, with eighteen translations of her work published in nine other languages, including Voices from Tibet,Tibet on Fire, and two others in English. Woeser has received the Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands and the U.S. Department of State’s International Women of Courage Award. She lives under close surveillance in Beijing. Tsering Dorje (1937–91) was a Tibetan officer in the People’s Liberation Army who served in Tibet during the Cultural Revolution. Robert Barnett is a leading scholar of modern Tibetan history and politics who founded and directed the Modern Tibetan Studies program at Columbia from 2000 until 2017. His books include Lhasa: Streets with Memories, and he is currently a professorial research associate at SOAS, University of London. Susan T. Chen is a longtime collaborator with Tsering Woeser and translator of her work. She received her PhD in contemporary Tibetan culture from Emory University and is visiting assistant professor of history at Wingate University in North Carolina.

Review :
"[Forbidden Memory is] one of the most important books on Tibet during the final years of the Mao era. . . . This new edition, translated fluidly by Susan T. Chen, comes with an elegantly crafted, informative yet concise editor’s introduction by Robert Barnett, a leading scholar of and public commentator on contemporary Tibet. . . . With yet another grand experiment spiraling into tragedy, it is valuable to have accounts like these that help us understand how a notable precursor imploded."-Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Wall Street Journal "Forbidden Memory is essential reading for popular and scholarly audiences interested in Chinese and Tibetan history, and it is an arresting resource for introducing students at all levels to the complexities of the Cultural Revolution."-Amy Holmes-Tagchungdarpa, China Review International "Forbidden Memory is a beautiful book as well as an important contribution to the historiography of Tibet."-Economist "In lucid, engaging prose interspersed with her own insights, Woeser highlights how the Cultural Revolution shaped the contours of Tibet’s negotiation with communist China. Her account is a powerful, nuanced argument against the popular perception that Tibetans strongly resisted Beijing’s secularisation and sinicising policies."-Ajay Singh, South China Morning Post “Forbidden Memory is an extraordinary and unique record of events in Tibet in the 1960s, when Tibetan intellectuals, lamas, and officials were publicly humiliated by Communist Party activists and their supporters, and is an account of the disastrous push for communalization that followed. Woeser’s thoughtful and nuanced reflections on her interviews with Tibetans and Chinese involved in those events should be read by anyone seeking to fathom the thinking, motives, and in some cases-acute regrets-of former participants in extreme political violence and mob justice.”-Tsering Shakya, Canada Research Chair in Religion and Contemporary Society in Asia, University of British Columbia and author of The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 “Through her books, poetry, and blogs, Tsering Woeser has been for many years one of the world’s most reliable and eloquent sources of information about Tibet. Now it turns out that her father, Tsering Dorje, an officer in the Peoples’ Liberation Army who died in 1991, had left a hidden treasure-a cache of rare photographs of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet. Realizing that these photographs document events from the 1960s that the Chinese Communist Party has tried to obliterate from recorded history, Woeser has used them to start to fill in the blanks. They are all the more precious as presented in this volume with the expert commentary of Tsering Woeser and the leading Tibet scholar Robert Barnett.”-Barbara Demick, author of Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea and Eat the Buddha: Life and Death in a Tibetan Town “Tsering Woeser has long been among the most prominent, thoughtful, and courageous of Tibetan public intellectuals and independent voices within China. Now, thanks to the efforts of Robert Barnett and Susan Chen, her groundbreaking work on the Cultural Revolution in Tibet, Forbidden Memory, has been made available to an English-speaking audience. Featuring remarkable photographs taken by her father, and based, in part, on extensive interviews with participants and witnesses, Forbidden Memory not only chronicles the events of the Cultural Revolution and documents the abuses committed during the campaign against Tibetans and their heritage. It should be required reading for anyone interested in understanding how the memory of the violence of the Maoist period, rarely voiced in public, continues to hamper the state’s efforts to integrate Tibetans and other ethnic minorities into the modern Chinese nation.”-Benno Weiner, associate professor of Chinese history at Carnegie Mellon University and author of The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier.