Robust Battery Management Systems: Theory, Algorithms, and Software

This book introduces several battery management problems and provides solutions using model-based approaches. It provides detailed coverage of battery management problems, including battery impedance estimation, battery capacity estimation, state of charge estimation, state of health estimation, battery thermal management, and optimal charging algorithms. The book introduces important battery management problems in a modularized fashion, decoupling each battery management problem from others as much as possible, allowing you to focus on understanding a particular topic rather than having to understand all aspects of a battery management system.   You will get the necessary background to understand, implement and improve battery fuel gauges in electric vehicles, and general state of health of the battery; use proven models and algorithms to estimate the thermal properties of a battery; and know the basics of smart battery charger design. You will also be equipped to accurately estimate battery features of vehicles, such as state of charge, expected charging time, and state of health, to make customized charging waveforms for each vehicle.   The book teaches you how to create simulation environments to test and validate algorithms against model uncertainty and measurement noise. In addition, the importance of benchmarking battery management algorithms is covered, and several bench marking metrics are presented. Included MATLAB codes give you an easy way to test the algorithms using realistic data and to develop and test alternative solutions. This is a useful and timely guide for battery engineers at all levels, as well as research scientists and advanced students working in this robust and rapidly advancing area.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Who is this Book For? 1.3 Use Cases 1.4 What Is Novel in This Book? 1.5 Organization of this Book 1.6 MATLAB Codes 1.7 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 2 Review of Required Mathematics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Least Squares Estimator 2.3 Kalman Filter 2.4 Extended Kalman Filter 2.5 Conclusions 2.6 Bibliographical Notes 2.7 Problems   Chapter 3 Battery Modelling 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Elements of Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models 3.2.1 DC Equivalent Circuit Model 3.2.2 AC Equivalent Circuit Model 3.3 Reduced Order Models 3.3.1 Ideal Battery Model 3.3.2 Open Circuit Voltage Model 3.3.3 Relaxation Model 3.3.4 Hysteresis Model 3.3.5 Enhanced Self Correcting Model 3.3.6 R-int Model 3.3.7 Other Reduced Order Models 3.4 Battery Power 3.5 Battery Capacity 3.5.1 Total Capacity 3.5.2 Discharge Capacity 3.5.3 Rated Capacity 3.5.4 Custom Defined Capacity 3.6 State of Health 3.7 Battery Packs 3.8 Battery Simulator 3.9 Summary 3.10 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 4 Open Circuit Voltage Characterization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Empirical OCV-SOC Models 4.2.1 Linear regression models 4.2.2 Nonlinear regression models 4.2.3 Hybrid or piecewise linear models 4.2.4 Tabular model 4.3 OCV-SOC Model Parameter Estimation 4.3.1 Linear least squares 4.3.2 Nonlinear least squares 4.3.3 Hybrid estimation 4.3.4 Tabular model estimation 4.4 Model Selection Metrics 4.4.1 OCV prediction error 4.4.2 Model evaluation metrics 4.4.3 Computational complexity 4.4.4 Numerical stability 4.4.5 System requirement 4.5 Selection of OCV-SOC Model 4.6 Summary 4.7 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 5 Frequency Domain Approaches to Battery ECM Identification 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Frequency Response of a Battery 5.3 Computing Frequency Response Using DFT 5.4 ECM Parameter Estimation Problem 5.5 Approximate Estimation of ECM Parameters 5.6 Causes of Parameter Estimation Error 5.6.1 Effect of Approximation 5.6.2 Effect of Measurement Noise 5.7 Improved Approach for Parameter Estimation 5.7.1 Estimation of Warburg Coefficient 5.7.2 Estimation of CT Components 5.7.3 Estimation of SEI Components 5.7.4 Estimation of Resistance and Inductance 5.7.5 Feature Point Extraction 5.8 Demonstration 5.8.1 Demonstration Using Simulated Data 5.8.2 Demonstration Using Real Data 5.9 Summary 5.10 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 6 Time Domain Approaches to Battery ECM Identification 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Signal Model of a Battery 6.3 ECM Identification of Different Model Orders 6.4 Parameter Estimation Method 6.5 Performance Analysis 6.6 Simulation Analysis 6.6.1 Perfect ECM Assumption 6.6.2 Realistic ECM Assumption 6.6.3 Real Data 6.7 Summary 6.8 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 7 Battery Capacity Estimation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basics of Battery Capacity Estimation 7.2.1 Offline Estimation of Battery Capacity 7.2.2 Real-time Capacity Estimation 7.3 Capacity Estimation in the Presence of Noise 7.3.1 LS Estimate 7.3.2 TLS Estimate 7.4 Recursive Estimates 7.4.1 Recursive LS 7.4.2 Recursive TLS 7.4.3 Kalman Filter Based Fusion 7.5 Experimental Results 7.5.1 OCV-SOC characterization test 7.5.2 Dynamic discharge-charge profile 7.5.3 Real-time capacity estimation 7.6 Conclusions 7.7 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 8 Battery Fuel Gauging 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 State of Charge 8.1.2 Time to Shut Down 8.1.3 State of Health 8.1.4 Remaining Useful Life 8.2 SOC Estimation: Coulomb Counting Approach 8.3 SOC Estimation: OCV Based Approach 8.4 SOC Estimation: Fusion Approach 8.4.1 Measurement Model 8.4.2 Scaling 8.4.3 Extended Kalman filter for SOC tracking 8.5 Filter Consistency Testing approaches 8.5.1 Normalized Innovation Squared (NIS) 8.5.2 Zero-mean Test of Innovations 8.6 Results 8.7 Conclusions 8.8 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 9 Battery Thermal Management 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermal Management Mediums 9.2.1 Air 9.2.2 Liquid 9.2.3 Phase Change Material 9.3 Battery Thermal Modelling 9.4 Simulation Results 9.5 Conclusions 9.6 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 10 Optimal Charging Algorithms 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Charging Strategies 10.2.1 Constant Current Charging 10.2.2 Constant Voltage Charging 10.2.3 Constant Current-Constant Voltage Charging 10.2.4 Multi-stage Constant Current Charging 10.2.5 Pulse Charging 10.2.6 Trickle Charging 10.2.7 Float Charging 10.3 Optimized Charging Strategies 10.4 Numerical Results 10.5 Summary 10.6 Bibliographical Notes   Chapter 11 Evaluation and Benchmarking of Battery Management Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 CC Metric 11.3 OCV-SOC Metric 11.4 TTV Metric 11.5 Demonstration of BFG Evaluation 11.6 Summary 11.7 Bibliographical Notes Appendix A Closed form Derivation of TLS Estimate Appendix B Formal Derivation of Capacity Appendix C Discretization of State-Space Model