Practical Heat Treating: Basic Principles

This book describes the basic principles of heat-treating technology in clear, concise, and practical terms for students, emerging professionals, production personnel, and manufacturing or design engineers. It is an excellent resource and introductory guide on the practical “whys and therefore” of heat treatment—including the tips and useful look-up information of a perennial reference book. With in-depth and comprehensive coverage, this book details many practical implications of heat treatment in terms of material and process selection and structure and property development, with insights on doing it right or more reliably. Derived from the author’s decades of experience and familiarity with many of the publications and educational and programming products of ASM International, each chapter is amply illustrated with charts and supported by current or classic references for background or further reading. This thorough and practical coverage on the basic principles of heat treating will be a useful, attractive, and important addition to the bookshelf of anyone with an interest in heat treating. Chapters detail the basic metallurgy of heat treatment and the microstructural effects of heat treat processes on the major types of steels and nonferrous alloys. Extensive coverage is given to the reliable, effective, and cost-conscious heat treatment of carbon and low-alloy steels. Tool steels and stainless steels are also covered, along with a chapter that outlines the basic principles in heat treating aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, magnesium alloys, and others.

Table of Contents:
Preface About the Author Chapter 1 Structure of Metals and Alloys Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structure Space Lattices and Crystal Systems Crystal Imperfections and Plastic Deformation Point Defects Line Defects Surface or Planar Defects Volume Defects Crystalline Structure of Metals Face-Centered Cubic System Hexagonal Close-Packed System Body-Centered Cubic System Grains and Grain Boundaries Diffusion Heat Treatment and Diffusion Solid Solutions Substitutional Solid Solutions Interstitial Solid Solutions Solubility Limits Equilibrium Phase Diagrams Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams Lever Rule Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Steel Heat Treatment Introduction Constitution of Iron Iron Phase Transformation Phases of Heat-Treated Steel The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram Austenite Ferrite Pearlite and Bainite Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite Martensite Tempered Martensite Chapter 3 Transformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel Isothermal Transformation Diagrams Effects of Alloying Continuous Cooling Diagrams Quenching of Steel Mechanism of Quenching Cooling Curves Quenching Process Variables Quenchants Quenchant Agitation Metallurgical Aspects of Quenching Residual Stress and Distortion Quench Cracking Chapter 4 Hardness and Hardenability of Steels Introduction Jominy End-Quench Testing Hardenability Correlation Curves Jominy Equivalence Charts Factors Affecting Hardenability Effect of Alloys on Hardenability during Quenching Effect of Alloys on the Tempering Response (After Hardening) Effect of Carbon on Hardenability Data Hardenability Limits and H-Steels Chapter 5 Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Residual Element Carbon Steels Higher Manganese Carbon Steels Boron-Treated Carbon Steels H-Steels Free-Machining Carbon Steels Effects of Free-Machining Additives Low-Alloy Steels Low-Alloy Manganese Steels Low-Alloy Molybdenum Steels Low-Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Low-Alloy Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Low-Alloy Nickel-Molybdenum Steels (46xx and 48xx Series) Low-Alloy Chromium Steels Low-Alloy Silicon-Manganese Steels Mechanical Properties and Grain Size Steel Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size Chapter 6 Annealing of Metals and Normalizing Steel Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth Recovery Recrystallization Grain Growth Subcritical Annealing of Steel Time-Temperature Relations Process Annealing Critical-Range Annealing of Steel Full Annealing of Steel Isothermal Annealing Annealing for Microstructure Pearlite Formation Spheroidizing Graphitization Solution or Quench Annealing Decarburization and Scaling Decarburization Scaling Prepared Atmospheres Exothermic Gas Dissociated Ammonia Steam Atmospheres Nitrogen with 0.5% Propylene Additive Normalizing Purpose of Normalizing Normalizing Practice Furnaces Furnace Equipment for Normalizing Induction Heating Chapter 7 Hardening and Tempering of Steel Austenitizing Austenitizing by Induction Heating Surface Protection of Parts Hardening Induction Hardening Quenching Systems Quenching Mediums Other Quenching Techniques Austempering Martempering Difficulties Associated with Hardening of Steel Quench Cracking Tempering Metallurgical Changes Caused by Tempering Stages of Tempering Tempering Temperatures Equipment for Tempering Tempering in Air Furnaces Tempering in Liquid Baths Induction Tempering Principle Tempering Variables Effect of Steel Composition Effect of Prior Microstructure Tempering versus Stress Relief Effect of Tempering on Dimensions Effect of Cooling from Tempering Temperature Embrittlement from Tempering Blue Brittleness Temper Embrittlement 500 °F Embrittlement 400 to 500 °C Embrittlement Multiple Tempering Elimination of Retained Austenite Protective-Atmosphere Tempering Exothermic Gas for Protection Tempering in Molten Salt Steam Treating and Tempering Selective Tempering Prompt Tempering Selection of Tempering Temperature Precipitation Hardening Effect of Carbon Effect of Other Elements Advantages of Precipitation Hardening Chapter 8 Heat Treatment of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C) Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C) Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C) Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels Austempering of Steel Quenching Mediums for Austempering Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices 1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels 1020 Recommended Practice 1035 Recommended Practice 1045, 1045H Recommended Practice 1050 Recommended Practice 1060 Recommended Practice 1070 Recommended Practice 1080 Recommended Practice 1095 Recommended Practice 1137 Recommended Practice 1141 Recommended Practice 1144 Recommended Practice 1151 Recommended Practice ???????1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice 15B41H Recommended Practice 1552 Recommended Practice 1566 Recommended Practice Cast Carbon Steels Low-Alloy Steels H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability Free-Machining Alloy Steels Effects of Alloying and Hardenability Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices Effects of Tempering 4037and 4037H Recommended Practice 4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice 4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice E52100 Recommended Practice Austempering Martempering (Marquenching) Air-Hardening Steels Case Hardening Carburizing Steels Carbonitriding Steels Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Nitriding Steels Steels for Induction or Flame Hardening Chapter 9 Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels Composition of Stainless Steels Classification of Stainless Steels Ferritic Stainless Alloys Austenitic Stainless Alloys Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys Martensitic Stainless Alloys Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys Heat Treat Processes General Practices Wrought Ferritic Stainless Steels Annealing Possible Heat Treating Problems Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels Alloying Sensitization Intermediate Phases (?, ?, and Laves) Annealing?????????????? Bright Annealing Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades Wrought Duplex Stainless Steels Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels Wrought Martensitic Stainless Steels Heat Treatment Preparations Annealing Hardening and Tempering Wrought Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels Martensitic PH Stainless Steels Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels Austenitic PH Stainless Steel Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys Martensitic Casting Alloys Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys ??????? Chapter 10 Heat Treatment of Tool Steels Classification of Tool Steels Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating Normalizing and Annealing Normalizing Annealing ???????Hardening and Tempering Stress Relieving Preheating Austenitizing Quenching Tempering Distortion Other Factors Associated with Distortion Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels Class W: Water-Hardening Steels Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels Medium and High–Alloy Cold Worked Tool Steels Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels Mold Steels Class P: Plastic Mold Steels Hot-Worked Steels Class H: Hot Worked Steels Hardening High-Speed Tool Steels Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels 18% Nickel Maraging Steels Chapter 11 Heat Treatment of Cast Irons General Considerations Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons Temperature Control Atmosphere Control Stress Relief Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures Other Stress-Relief Methods Annealing Normalizing Through Hardening and Tempering Austenitizing Quenching Tempering Austempering Surface Hardening of Cast Irons Metallurgical Aspects Applied Energy Surface Hardening ???????Nitriding of Cast Irons Chapter 12 Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals Recovery ???????Recrystallization Precipitation Hardening Aluminum Alloys Age Hardening Process Cobalt Alloys Copper Alloys Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys Order-Hardening Copper Alloys Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys Magnesium Alloys Nickel Alloys Titanium Alloys Other Nonferrous Alloys Heat Treatable Silver Alloys Heat Treatable Gold Alloys Lead and Tin Alloys Index