Biogeography

Biogeography, first published in 1983, is one of the most comprehensive text and general reference books in the natural sciences. The fifth edition builds on the strengths of previous editions to provide an insightful and integrative explanation of how geographic variation across terrestrial and marine environments has influenced the fundamental processes of immigration, extinction, and evolution to shape species distributions and nearly all patterns of biological diversity. It is an empirically and conceptually rich text that illustrates general patterns and processes using examples from a broad diversity of life forms, time periods and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Biogeography, Fifth Edition, is written as a primary text for undergraduate and graduate courses, and is also an invaluable reference for biogeographers, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and conservation biologists. Its fundamental assertion is that patterns in biological diversity make little sense unless viewed within an explicit geographic context. Starting from principal patterns and fundamental principles, and assuming only a rudimentary knowledge of biology, geography, and Earth history, the text explains the relationships between geographic variation in biological diversity and the geological, ecological, and evolutionary processes that have produced them. The use of color illustrations, evaluated and optimized for colorblind readers, has transformed our abilities to illustrate key concepts and empirical patterns in the geography of nature. By providing a description of the historical development of biogeography, evolution and ecology, along with a comprehensive account of the principal patterns, fundamental principles and recent advances in each of these fields of science, our ultimate vision is for Biogeography to serve as the centerpiece of a one- or two-semester core course in biological diversity. Instructor's Resource Library The Biogeography, Fifth Edition, Instructor's Resource Library includes all of the textbook's figures (both art and photographs) and tables in electronic format. All images are provided in both JPEG (high- and low-resolution versions) and ready-to-use PowerPoint presentations. The figures have all been formatted and color-enhanced for optimal projection in the classroom.

Table of Contents:
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCIPLINE Chapter 1. The Science of Biogeography What Is Biogeography? Integrative nature of the field Relationships to other sciences and an outline of this bookPhilosophy and basic principles Doing Contemporary Biogeography Chapter 2. The History and Reticulating Phylogeny of Biogeography Ancient Knowledge Globalization of the Geography of Nature Box 2.1. Persistent Themes of Biogeography Foundations of Modern Biogeography Theoretical Maturation during the 19th Century: A Morass before Darwin and Wallace Four British scientists Box 2.2. Biogeographic Principles Advocated by Alfred Russel Wallace Other contributions of the 19th Century Conceptual Revolutions of the 20th Century Synopsis UNIT 2. THE GEOGRAPHIC AND ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOGEOGRAPHY Chapter 3. The Geographic Template: Visualization and Analysis of Biogeographic Patterns Definition and Components of the Geographic Template Climate Soil formation and soil types Chemistry and physics of aquatic environments Tides and the intertidal zone Time Two-Dimensional Renderings of the Geographic Template Early maps and cartography Flattening the globe: Projections and geographic coordinate systems Visualizing Biogeographic Patterns Exemplars of visualization in biogeography The GIS revolution Cartograms and strategic distortions Obtaining Geo-Referenced Data Humboldt's legacy: A global system of observatories Remote sensing and satellite imagery Interpolation over space and time Analyzing Biogeographic Patterns Chapter 4. Distributions of Species: Ecological Foundations The Distribution of Individuals The Distribution of Species and Populations Mapping and measuring the range Population growth and demography Hutchinson's multidimensional niche concept The geographic range as a reflection of the niche The relationship between distribution and abundance What Limits the Geographic Range? Physical limiting factors Disturbance, dispersal, and time Interactions with other organisms Synthesis Chapter 5. The Distribution and Dynamics of Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Historical and Biogeographic Perspectives Communities and Ecosystems Community organization: Energetic considerations Distribution of ecological communities Temporal patterns: Ecological succession Mapping Communities: Compositional and Functional Approaches Terrestrial Biomes Forests Woodlands and savanna Grasslands Deserts Aquatic Communities Marine communities Freshwater communities A Global Comparison of Biomes and Communities Ecosystem Geography Synthesis in Community Ecology and Biogeography UNIT 3. BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND EARTH HISTORY Chapter 6. Dispersal and Immigration Box 6.1. The Fundamental, Unifying Principles of Biogeography What Is Dispersal? Dispersal as an ecological process Dispersal as a historical biogeographic event Dispersal and Range Expansion Jump dispersal Diffusion Secular migration Mechanisms of Movement Active dispersal Passive dispersal The Nature of Barriers Physiological barriers Ecological and psychological barriers Biotic Exchange and Dispersal Routes Corridors Filters Sweepstakes routes Other means of biotic exchange Dispersal curves within and among species Establishing a Colony Influence of habitat selection What constitutes a propagule? Survival in a new ecosystem Advances in the Study of Dispersal Chapter 7. Speciation and Extinction Box 7.1. Some Terms Used by Systematists and Evolutionary Biologists What Are Species? The evolution of species concepts Units below the species level Higher Classifications How Do New Species Arise? Mechanisms of genetic differentiation Allopatric speciation Sympatric and parapatric speciation Diversification Ecological differentiation Adaptive radiation Extinction Ecological processes Recent extinctions Extinctions in the fossil record Macroevolution The punctuated equilibrium concept and evolution in the fossil record Species selection The role of historical contingency Micro- and Macroevolution: Toward a Synthesis Chapter 8. The Changing Earth The Geological Timescale Estimating time The Theory of Continental Drift Wegener's theory Early opposition to continental drift Evidence for continental drift Box 8.1. Discoveries That Contributed to the Acceptance of the Theory of Continental Drift The Current Model: Plate Tectonic Theory Earth's Tectonic History Tectonic History of the Continents Gondwana, Laurasia, and the formation of Pangaea The breakup of Pangaea The breakup of Laurasia and its rifting from Gondwana The breakup of Gondwana Cenozoic Tectonics The Indo-Australian Region and Wallacea Central America and the Antilles Tectonic Development of Marine Basins and Island Chains Epeiric seas Formation of the Mediterranean and Red Seas Dynamics of the Pacific Ocean Paleoclimates and paleocirculations Climatic and Biogeographic Consequences of Plate Tectonics Chapter 9. Glaciation and Biogeographic Dynamics of the Pleistocene The Record and Drivers of Pleistocene Glaciation Extent of Pleistocene Glaciation Effects of Climatic Cycles on Non-Glaciated Areas Temperature Geographic shifts in climatic zones Sea level changes during the Pleistocene Biogeographic Responses to Climatic Cycles of the Pleistocene Biogeographic responses of terrestrial biotas Box 9.1. Biogeographic Responses to Climatic Cycles of the Pleistocene Dynamics of plant communities in the aridlands of North and South America Aquatic systems Biotic Exchange and Glacial Cycles Pleistocene Refugia Extinctions of the Pleistocene Megafauna UNIT 4. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LINEAGES AND BIOTAS Chapter 10. The Geography of Diversification and Regionalization Fundamental Geographic Patterns Endemism and Cosmopolitanism The origins of endemics Provincialism Terrestrial and freshwater regions Box 10.1. How Have Big Data Sets, Quantitative Approaches, and Evolutionary Affinities Changed How We Define Terrestrial Biogeographic Regions? Subdividing the terrestrial regions Distributional congruence reflects a shared history of diversification Marine regions and provinces Quantifying Similarity among Biotas Disjunction Patterns Processes Maintaining Distinct Biotas Barriers between biogeographic regions Resistance to invasion Avian migration and provincialism Biotic Interchange The Great American Biotic Interchange Box 10.2. Old versus Young Isthmus: Geology, Fossils, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenies The Lessepsian exchange: The Suez Canal Biotic interchange: A final point The Convergence of Isolated Lineages and Biotas Convergence at the species level Convergence of entire assemblages Overview Chapter 11. Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Lineages Classifying Biological Diversity and Inferring Evolutionary Relationships Systematics Evolutionary systematics Numerical phenetics Phylogenetic systematics Box 11.1. The Principles and Rules of Hennigian Logic Box 11.2. The Basis of Hennig's Paradigm: A Hypothetical Example of Cladogenesis and Cladogram Construction Molecular Systematics Evolution of methods in molecular systematics Molecular characters and properties of molecular evolution Molecular versus morphological characters The Fossil Record Limitations of the fossil record Biogeographic implications of fossils Molecular Clocks and Estimating Times of Divergence An Emerging Synthesis of Molecular Systematics and Paleontology Chapter 12. Reconstructing the Geographic History of Lineages and Biotas Shifting Paradigms in Historical Biogeography Determining centers of origin and directions of dispersal on a stable Earth From center of origin-dispersal to vicariance Box 12.1. Sea Snakes: Illustrating the Logic and Flaws of a Center of Origin-Dispersal Paradigm Beyond Vicariance Biogeography and Simple Vicariance Box 12.2. Defining and Delineating Areas of Endemism Box 12.3. Processes That Reduce the Generality of the General Area Cladogram Different approaches to the same question, or different questions? Which approach to use? Phylogeography The dual nature of phylogeography Combining phylogeography and ecological niche modeling Reconstructing shallow histories of lineages and biotas The impact of phylogeography on biogeography and other disciplines Box 12.4. Statistical Phylogeography A Brief Overview of Lineage and Biotic Histories Histories in Gondwana Histories in Laurasia Connections between Gondwana and Laurasia Histories in the marine realm Continental histories in, and just before, the ice ages A Few Final Thoughts on Historical Reconstruction of Lineages and Biotas UNIT 5. ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY Chapter 13. Island Biogeography The Nature of Islands Patterns in Species Richness and Models of Diversity Dynamics The species-area relationship Box 13.1. Interpretations and Comparisons of Parameters in the Species-Area Relationship: An Additional Caution The species-isolation relationship The equilibrium model of island biogeography Advancing island biogeography theory Box 13.2. Empirical Studies Test the Equilibrium Model Patterns in Species Composition Forces assembling insular biotas Release, displacement, and the ecological assembly of insular communities Distributions of particular species Box 13.3. New Zealand's Moas: Four Times Anomalous The Evolutionary Marvels of Island Life Dispersal denied: Sticking to the wreck Transformations of life's most fundamental characteristic--size Evolving ecologies The Perils of Island Life Taxon cycles and evolutionary traps Chapter 14. Areography, Ecogeography, and Macroecology of Continental and Oceanic Biotas The Macroecological Approach The Geographic Range: Areography Patterns in range shape and size The frequency distribution of range size Geographic gradients in range size Geographic range size as a function of body size Temporal dynamics of range size Shapes of ranges The internal structure of geographic ranges Ecogeographic Rules: The Terrestrial Realm Body size and Bergmann's rule Appendages and Allen's rule Pelage color and Gloger's rule Lack's rule and the geography of life history traits Ecogeographic Rules: The Marine Realm Thorson's rule of larval development Temperature, diversity, and Jordan's rule of vertebrae Geographic gradients in ecological interactions and morphological defenses The Geography of Biological Diversity Diversity measures and terminology Latitudinal Gradients in Biological Diversity The nature and complexity of the pattern An ancient but not primordial pattern Topographic and Oceanic Modifiers The peninsula effect Elevational gradients in diversity Depth and diversity in the aquatic realm Explanations for the Geography of Biological Diversity Coda Unit 6. Conservation and the Frontiers of Biogeography Chapter 15. Biogeography of Humanity, Biological Diversity, and Conservation Biogeography Box 15.1. The Geography of Life before Man The Dynamic Biogeography of Humanity Migrations out of Africa Colonizing the Pacific: Indonesia, Sahul, and Oceania Conquering the cold: Expansions across the Palearctic region Invasions of the New World Ecogeography and Island Biogeography of Humanity The Biodiversity Crisis and Conservation Biogeography Biological diversity and the Linnaean shortfall Box 15.2. Challenges and Successes in Addressing the Linnaean Shortfall Conservation biogeography and the Wallacean shortfall The geography of recent extinctions and endangerment Geographic range collapse The dynamic geography of extinction forces Chapter 16. From the Foundations to the Frontiers of Biogeography Glossary Bibliography Index

About the Author :
Mark V. Lomolino is a Professor in the Department of Environmental and Forest Biology at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. His research and teaching focus on biogeography, community ecology, and conservation of biological diversity. He is a cofounder and past President of the International Biogeography Society. Dr. Lomolino received the American Society of Mammalogists Award for his dissertation studies on the ecology, evolution, and biogeography of insular mammals. Brett R. Riddle is a Professor in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. His research focuses primarily on the history of biodiversity in western North America, with ongoing projects including: historical assembly of the warm desert biotas; phylogeography of Great Basin cold desert and montane island biotas; and molecular systematics and biogeography of a diverse cadre of North American rodent groups. He is a cofounder and past President of the International Biogeography Society. Robert J. Whittaker is Professor of Biogeography in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford and holds a part time Professorial position at the Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate in the University of Copenhagen. He is a cofounder and past President of the International Biogeography Society. He is coauthor of Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (OUP, 2007). His research interests span island biogeography, diversity theory, macroecology, and conservation biogeography.