The Language Encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800: (1 European Expansion & Global Interaction)

When Columbus arrived in the Americas there were, it is believed, as many as 2,000 distinct, mutually unintelligible tongues spoken in the western hemisphere, encompassing the entire area from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego. This astonishing fact has generally escaped the attention of historians, in part because many of these indigenous languages have since become extinct. And yet the burden of overcoming America's language barriers was perhaps the one problem faced by all peoples of the New World in the early modern era: African slaves and Native Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley; Jesuit missionaries and Huron-speaking peoples in New France; Spanish conquistadors and the Aztec rulers. All of these groups confronted America's complex linguistic environment, and all of them had to devise ways of transcending that environment - a problem that arose often with life or death implications. For the first time, historians, anthropologists, literature specialists, and linguists have come together to reflect, in the fifteen original essays presented in this volume, on the various modes of contact and communication that took place between the Europeans and the "Natives." A particularly important aspect of this fascinating collection is the way it demonstrates the interactive nature of the encounter and how Native peoples found ways to shape and adapt imported systems of spoken and written communication to their own spiritual and material needs.

Table of Contents:
Preface Norman Fiering Introduction Edward G. Gray PART I: TERMS OF CONTRACT Chapter 1. Babel of Tongues: Communicating with the Indians in Eastern North America James Axtell Chapter 2. The Use of Pidgins and Jargons on the East Coast of North America Ives Goddard PART II: SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Chapter 3. Pictures, Gestures, Hieroglyphs: “Mute Eloquence” in Sixteenth-Century Mexico Pauline Moffitt Watts Chapter 4. Iconic Discourse: The Language of Images in Seventeenth-Century New France Margaret J. Leahey Chapter 5. Mapping after the Letter: Graphology and Indigenous Cartography in New Spain Dana Leibsohn PART III: THE LITERATE AND THE NONLITERATE Chapter 6. Continuity vs. Acculturation: Aztec and Inca Cases of Alphabetic Literacy José Antonio Mazzotti Chapter 7. Native Languages as Spoken and Written: Views from Southern New England Kathleen J. Bragdon Chapter 8. The Mi’kmaq Hieroglyphic Prayer Book: Writing and Christianity in Maritime Canada, 1675–1921 Bruce Greenfield PART IV: INTERMEDIARIES Chapter 9. Interpreters Snatched from the Shore: The Successful and the Others Frances Karttunen Chapter 10. Mohawk Schoolmasters and Catechists in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Iroquoia: An Experiment in Fostering Literacy and Religious Change William B. Hart Chapter 11. The Making of Logan, the Mingo Orator Edward G. Gray PART V: THEORY Chapter 12. Spanish Colonization and the Indigenous Languages of America Isaías Lerner Chapter 13. Descriptions of American Indian Word Forms in Colonial Missionary Grammars Lieve Jooken Chapter 14. “Savage” Languages in Eighteenth-Century Theoretical History of Language Rüdiger Schreyer Select Bibliography List of Contributors Index

About the Author :
Edward G. Gray is Assistant Professor of History at Florida State University.

Review :
"Although the various essays focus on different sets of issues and perspectives, the unifying theme of linguistic or communicative interaction ties them together in complementary ways ... The editors and authors ... have done an excellent job of avoiding esoteric methodologies ... This is a very acceptable interdisciplinary book that will be essential for anyone interested in European and indigenous contacts in the colonial period."  · H-Net Reviews (H-LatAm) "This collection is a very welcome addition to scholarship on Native-European encounters in the New World ... Both the broad coverage and the interdisciplinary approaches ... will offer future scholars of colonial situations conceptual tools ... a strong and accessible collection that will lead scholars of diverse subfields in very profitable common directions."  · Indigenous Nations Studies "[A] fascinating volume [and] valuable reference for future work."  · American Studies International