Everything Equals Nothing: The Universe for young scientists, mathematicians and philosophers (Unabridged)

George Gamow, the famous cosmologist and nuclear physicist, conjectured that the Universe may be rotating and this may be the cause of galaxy rotation. The cosmic radiation echo left over from the Big Bang offers a 'proof' that the nascent Universe was formed with a specific rotational configuration. This rotational configuration should have perfectly separated matter and antimatter during the Big Bang, in mirror image fashion, generating a Universe where both matter and antimatter can co-exist. . From First Principles, and using basic concepts in school physics, a young spinning ellipsoidal Universe is mathematically modeled to determine possible dynamic characteristics, with some surprising results. . Our perceptions of the Universe are inhibited by the relativistic nature of the Universe. However, simple mathematical analysis demonstrates how the Universe was spinning, at the beginning of time. This leads to a number of axiomatic conclusions about aspects of such a Universe, including a validation of George Gamow's conjecture. Another conclusion is that such a Universe should grow in size to a natural maximum but unstable upper size limit. Possible mechanisms for the formation of black holes in the centre of spinning galaxies, and for the generation of a Cold Dark Zone within this spinning Universe, are inferred. Dark Matter and Dark Energy are also discussed. Many illustrations are used in the explanation of concepts. Readers may also be intrigued by the novel perspectives portrayed of the Universe. In offering such novel perspectives this book poses challenges to, at least, one aspect of current orthodoxy. But it is hoped that this book may prompt debate on this. Pivotal to this book is the premise that the nascent Universe had spin characteristics and a simple mathematical 'proof' is given for this. The extraordinary thing is that the particular mode of spinning which the analysis identifies is, also, that which should have perfectly separated matter from antimater in the aftermath of the Big Bang, thereby offering a solution to the enigma of what happened to all the antimatter in the Big Bang. This in turn leads to a surprising list of consequential 'conclusions' about aspects of such a Universe. One of the issues that is contested is the mathematical veracity of the philosophy/rationale behind the current 'in vogue' hypothesis of Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry for the preferential formation of matter over antimatter in the Big Bang. Mathematically one can create a positive and an equal negative from zero. But one cannot create a positive, on its own, out of zero. (This idea of Asymmetry originally came out of Soviet Russia under what can only be described as 'suspicious circumstances' but the idea has since 'morphed' into what is now a full hypothesis proposing an explanation for the domination of matter over antimatter within the Universe. This hypothesis is now current scientific orthodoxy and is given as the reason for the disappearance of antimatter and the existence of a matter only Universe. Here, there may have been influences other than the scientific at play. The original background setting for the genesis of this idea was during the Cold War Era with a highly paranoid Soviet Russia, fearful of American domination in nuclear technology, particularly in new military fields under study, such as the possibility of 'antimatter bombs'. The last thing in the world that the Soviets may have wanted was for the USA to find this mysterious 'antimatter' substance out there somewhere in space - before they did! In the highly naive West we should not forget that the tactics and practice of 'False News' was already very much in use by the Soviets during the Soviet era. The embryonic ideas for this hypothesis of Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry are attributed to the highly talented, renowned, soviet nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov. Sakharov, as a Soviet scientist, was involved in the development of the Soviet nuclear hydrogen bomb, and was also responsible for the Tokamak design for nuclear fusion reactors. Sakharov subsequently became politically concerned about the hydrogen bomb and campaigned against it, being awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. But, as a consequence he was 'disowned' by the state and was exiled to Gorky, Russia. He complained about being denied intellectual freedom of expression. Under such circumstances, he may not have had the freedom to properly express his own scientific opinions.) My contention is that there is a very simple feasible alternative to Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, whereby all the antimatter survived. And such a survival of the antimatter completely changes our understanding and our overall 'picture' of the Universe. It is hoped that this book will ultimately prompt discussion and debate about this among physicists. The book is a serious attempt to show that, contrary to expectations, feasible answers to some of the enigmas about the Universe may not necessarily be found in Quantum Physics but that some answers appear, almost from nowhere, by treating the nascent Universe as if it was a mechanical rotating body subject to the Laws of Classical Mechanics, with due allowance for Relativity. This is a novel conceptual vision and produces a number of surprises. The book's many illustrations are self-explanatory and complement the intellectual reasoning, and the supporting mathematics. The book assumes a basic knowledge of physics and mathematics. However, it should be possible to grasp the conceptual vision solely by looking at the illustrations. Although assumed for most of the book, the pivotal 'proof' of the nature of the Universe's spinning is not given until late in the book, Chapter 15, as other supporting arguments needed to be developed first.

Table of Contents:
PREFACE.........................................................................................................7 LIST OF AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATIONS..........................................................14 PART 1 – A VIRTUAL REALITY UNIVERSE........…...................................…17 1. INTRODUCTION TO ELLIPSES AND ELLIPSOIDS ................................ 19 2. IDEAS AND VIRTUAL REALITY ............................................................... 23 PART 2 – THE UNREAL REAL UNIVERSE................................................... 33 3. SPINNING AN EASTER EGG ................................................................... 35 4. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM .......................................................... 38 5. VECTORS .................................................................................................. 44 6. MATTER ..................................................................................................... 47 7. ANTIMATTER ............................................................................................. 52 8. SEPARATION OF MATTER AND ANTIMATTER ....................................... 55 9. PERSPECTIVES ON RELATIVITY ............................................................ 59 10. INFLATION AND GALAXY FORMATION ................................................. 61 11. BLACK HOLES AND DARK MATTER/DARK ENERGY ........................... 67 12. NATURAL UPPER SIZE LIMIT FOR UNIVERSE .................................... 70 13. WAVES .................................................................................................... 79 14. DOPPLER EFFECT ................................................................................. 81 15. PROOF OF THE UNIVERSE’S DUAL SPINNING ................................... 82 16. SUMMARY................................................................................................ 86 17. REFERENCES ................................................................ ........................96 18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ 99 19. LEXICON .................................................................................................100 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................104 A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A SPINNING UNIVERSE.............104 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................ 108 A DEMONSTRATION OF EULER TORQUE .................................................108 APPENDIX C ................................................................................................ 113 A QUERY ON THE PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE ............................................ 113 INDEX ........................................................................................................... 119

About the Author :
The author is a Cambridge alumnus, is a Chartered Engineer, has worked for many years in a wide variety of manufacturing industries, and has worked in project management roles and in consultancy. As a practising mechanical engineer, the author has gained exposure to a broad spectrum of engineering disciplines, techniques, equipment and processes.