Labors of Division: Global Capitalism and the Emergence of the Peasant in Colonial Panjab(South Asia in Motion)

One of the most durable figures in modern history, the peasant has long been a site of intense intellectual and political debate. Yet underlying much of this literature is the assumption that peasants simply existed everywhere, a general if not generic group, traced backward from modernity to antiquity. Focused on the transformation of Panjab during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book accounts for the colonial origins of global capitalism through a radical history of the concept of "the peasant," demonstrating how seemingly fixed hierarchies were in fact produced, legitimized, and challenged within the preeminent agricultural region of South Asia. Navyug Gill uncovers how and why British officials and ascendant Panjabis disrupted existing forms of identity and occupation to generate a new agrarian order in the countryside. The notion of the hereditary caste peasant engaged in timeless cultivation thus emerged, paradoxically, as a result of a dramatic series of conceptual, juridical, and monetary divisions. Far from archaic relics, this book ultimately reveals both the landowning peasant and landless laborer to be novel political subjects forged through the encounter between colonialism and struggles over culture and capital within Panjabi society. Questions of progress, exploitation and knowledge come to animate the vernacular operations of power. With this history, Gill brings difference and contingency to understandings of the global past in order to re-think the itinerary of comparative political economy as well as alternative possibilities for emancipatory futures.

Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction In Pursuit of Peasant Histories and Futures in Colonial Panjab 1. A Rule of Benevolence? Revenue, Knowledge, and the Accumulation of Difference 2. Naming the Peasant: Colonial Jurisprudence and the Binding of Identity and Occupation 3. The Logic and Illogic of Debt: Reason and Capitalist Volatility in the New Agrarian Market 4. Horizons of Hierarchy: Caste, Landlessness, and the Limits of Religious Conversion 5. Producing a Theory of Inadequacy: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and the Political Economy of Comparison Conclusion: Global History and the Impermanence of Hierarchy Notes Bibliography Index

About the Author :
Navyug Gill is Associate Professor of History at William Paterson University.

Review :
"In creative and challenging ways, Gill leads postcolonial analyses of colonial governmentality into an engagement with the history of capitalism, thereby opening the histories of capitalism and histories beyond the North Atlantic to each other." —Andrew Sartori, New York University "Labors of Division is an outstanding investigation of colonial market governance seen through the pivotal Punjabi peasant, elaborating postcolonial readings of political economy, the historiography of capitalism, and vernacular modernities. Gill compellingly illuminates the transformation of agrarian life-worlds through the workings and inhabitings of economic logics, from processes of caste standardization and hierarchization to the problem of indebtedness." —Ritu Birla, University of Toronto "A luminous contribution to the itineraries of global capitalism! Gill upends agrarian political economy by dislodging the sedimented figure of the "peasant", revealing with rigor and verve how colonial categories of rule petrified amorphous social relations to land in British India, producing a caste-based division of labor and laborers with lasting and pernicious consequences for Panjab's subaltern classes." —Vinay Gidwani, University of Minnesota "shed[s] important light on how imperialist forces leverage local state apparatuses and class power to advance their agenda of integration, exploitation, and accumulation and how Punjab's peasantry has resisted these forces for centuries." —Paramjit Singh, Critical Sociology "Readers wishing to expand or revise their understanding of the divisions of agrarian labor in colonial Panjab and/or of Euromerican theoreticians analyzing class and capitalism will find rich insights in Gill's exposition. Highly recommended." —M. H. Fisher, CHOICE "Rather than analyze agrarian capitalism in the non-West as the outcome of failed, incomplete, or staggered transitions to capitalism, the book insists that Panjabi modernity was founded on the birth of the peasantry, rather than its death. Put more broadly—and boldly—capitalism did not eliminate the peasantry but produced it. In excavating this production, Gill forces a serious reconsideration of the foundations of peasant studies: the relationship of the peasantry to capitalist modernity, which was presumed to both require the existence of the peasant and facilitate their demise."—Tanya Matthan, Focaal