Communication between vehicles and infrastructure will enable an entirely new way of managing and accommodating traffic, pedestrians, and the surrounding environment, changing the nature of travel going forward. Networking Vehicles to Everything provides those seriously interested in vehicular automation with a state of the art resource for a deep understanding of the many competing technologies that will be united to enable the technology in years to come. This in-depth account covers challenges, case considerations, current activities in standards, product implementation, and upcoming trends such as software reconfiguration, mmWave technology and advanced control theory tools.
Readers will gain in-depth understanding of the main bodies and institutions developing and regulating the technology, current technological battles including in particular IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP LTE V2X technologies which compete for the top-spot in a multi-billion market. Readers will become aware of the many currently open technological questions and trends in terms of applications, markets and some of the possibilities that the future may hold for any type of vehicle.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
V2X objectives 6
V2X and D2D networking and connectivity 9
Technical challenges for V2X 10
Sensors 10
Computing 12
Networking 13
Society, ethics and politics 17
Outline 23
Chapter 2: Applications and Use Cases 27
Use cases up to 2005 29
Between 2005 and 2011 32
Use cases since 2011 38
Conclusions 50
Chapter 3: V2X Requirements, Standards, and Regulations 59
Requirements 61
Sensors 65
Communications 66
Dynamic high-definition maps 69
Over-the-air updates 71
In-vehicle Infotainment 71
V2X networking and connectivity standards 73
V2X networking and connectivity regulation 79
Conclusions 85
Chapter 4: Technologies 89
Sensing 91
Computing 96
Communications 99
Software 105
HAD maps 108
Functional safety 111
Conclusions 113
Chapter 5: V2X networking and connectivity 121
IEEE 802.11p-based DSRC and ITS-G5 121
LTE and 5G NR V2X 128
C-V2X Phase 1 where 3GPP works on LTE Vehicular Services 131
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) Communications 137
Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P, P2V) Communications 138
Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I, I2V) Communications 138
Vehicle-to-network Communications (V2N, N2V) 139
Synchronization 140
Location Determination 142
C-V2X evolution toward Phase 2 and beyond 143
Chapter 6: Infotainment 151
Infotainment 152
Telematics and control 156
In-vehicle connectivity and networking 158
Conclusions 162
Chapter 7: Software Reconfiguration 167
Issues to Be Addressed by Software Reconfiguration 168
Problem statement 1: How to transfer and install radio software
components to a target platform in a secure way 168
Problem statement 2: How to enable a user to access new software
components 168
Problem statement 3: How to deal with device certification in the
context of novel radio software components 169
Problem statement 4: How to achieve software portability and
execution efficiency 169
Problem statement 5: How to enable a gradual evolution toward
software reconfigurability 169
The Regulation Framework: Relationship Between Software
Reconfigurability and the Radio Equipment Directive 169
Mobile Device Reconfiguration Classes: How the Level Of Reconfigurability
Will Grow Over Time 172
The ETSI Reconfiguration Ecosystem 174
Code Efficiency and Portability Through the Radio Virtual Machine 180
Multi-Radio Interface (MURI) 184
RRS Software Reconfigurability For Hardware Updates 186
The ETSI Software Reconfiguration Solution in Comparison to Other
Alternatives 187
ETSI Security Framework for Software Reconfiguration 188
Responsibility Management 190
Conclusion 193
Chapter 8: Outlook 195
Appendix A 203
List of acronyms 203
Index 251
About the Author :
Dr. Markus Mueck, Spectrum Sharing, Intel; Dr. Ingolf Karls, NGS program manager, Intel.
