Democracy and Its Others: (Political Theory and Contemporary Philosophy)

Today's unprecedented levels of human migration present urgent challenges to traditional conceptualizations of national identity, nation-state sovereignty, and democratic citizenship. Foreigners are commonly viewed as outsiders whose inclusion within or exclusion from “the people” of the democratic state rests upon whether they benefit or threaten the unity of the nation. Against this instrumentalization of the foreigner, this book traces the historical development of the concepts of sovereignty and foreignness through the thought of philosophers such as Plato, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Derrida, and Benhabib in order to show that foreignness is a structural feature of sovereignty that cannot be purged or assimilated. Understood in this light, foreignness allows for new forms of democratic political unity to be imagined that reject local practices which deprive individuals of political membership solely on the basis of national citizenship. This cosmopolitan model for citizenship provides a novel conceptual framework that simultaneously upholds the legal importance of democratic citizenship for political justice while ceaselessly contesting the exclusionary logic of the nation-state that reserves democratic rights for members of the nation alone.

Table of Contents:
Introduction Chapter 1: Ethnos, Demos, and Foreignness 1.1. Playing Politics: Ethnos and the (Re)Unification of the Demos Chapter 2: Hospitality or War? A Foreigner Approaches 2.1. The Piraeus 2.2. Cephalus, the Metic 2.3. Polemarchus, the Metic 2.4. Thrasymachus, the Indecidable Foreigner Chapter 3: The Fearful Origins of Sovereignty in the Social Contract Tradition 3.1. The Fearful Origins of Sovereignty in Hobbes 3.2. The Fearful Origins of Sovereignty in Locke 3.3. The Fearful Origins of Sovereignty in Rousseau Chapter 4: The Qualities of Sovereignty in the Social Contract Tradition 4.1. Hobbes' Absolute Sovereign 4.2. Locke's Neutral Umpire 4.3. Rousseau's General Will 4.4. A Brief Summary of Sovereignty Chapter 5: Foreignness, Sovereignty, and the Social Contract Tradition 5.1. Territorial Exclusions 5.2. Homogeneous Unity and the Sovereign Exclusion of Foreignness 5.3. Foreignness in Hobbes' Theorization of Sovereignty 5.4. Foreignness in Locke's Theorization of Sovereignty 5.5. Foreignness in Rousseau's Theorization of Sovereignty Chapter 6: The Naturalization of Artificial Sovereignty and Foreignness 6.1. Hobbes' Naturalization of Artificial Sovereignty 6.2. Locke's Naturalization of Artificial Sovereignty 6.3. Rousseau's Naturalization of Artificial Sovereignty 6.4. The Naturalization of Artificial Foreignness Chapter 7: The Foreign-Sovereign 7.1. The Quasi-Regime Chapter 8: Foreign Unto It-self, The Democratic Nation-State 8.1. Democracy's Others and the Protection of the Democratic Nation-State 8.2. Foreign Unto It-Self: Autoimmune Democracy 8.3. Democracy to Come and the Foreign-Sovereign Chapter 9: The Foreign-Citizen at the Threshold of Democratic Cosmopolitanism 9.1. Universal Hospitality at the Border Between the Moral and Legal 9.2. Unconditional Hospitality and the Cosmopolitanism to Come 9.3. Democratic Iterations 9.4. The Foreign-Citizen Bibliography Index

About the Author :
Jeffrey H. Epstein is Visiting Assistant Professor at Cal State University, Fullerton, USA.

Review :
This book reexamines the legitimacy of the democratic nation-state in a time of unprecedented human migration by exploring the relationship between foreignness and sovereignty in political theory. Drawing heavily on Derrida, Epstein challenges traditional theories of sovereignty as self-identicality, arguing for an “alternative understanding of foreignness as … an originary, constitutive, and ineliminable structural feature of sovereignty as such.” After arguing that both modern liberalism and conservative communitarianism tend to conflate demos with ethnos, Epstein emphasizes Thrasymachus's central role in Plato's Republic by meticulously unpacking the complex, contradictory relationships among guests, hosts, foreigners, citizens, friends, and enemies in that dialogue. He then turns to a multichapter examination of sovereignty in the social contract tradition, arguing that, for Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, political society is founded on a fear of foreignness that is to be mitigated by the sovereign's efforts to unify its members around a common identity. Sovereignty, however, is “always already constituted” by foreignness, thereby calling for the “(non)concept” of the “foreign sovereign.” Building on Kant's cosmopolitan right to hospitality, Derrida's “autoimmune democracy” and “unconditional hospitality,” and Behabib's discourse ethics, Epstein introduces the “foreign citizen,” putting the itinerant migrant at the center of any future democratic cosmopolitanism.