Forced Confrontation: The Politics of Dead Bodies in Germany at the End of World War II

During the final weeks of World War II, the American army discovered multiple atrocity sites and mass graves containing the dead bodies of Jews, slave laborers, POWs and other victims of Nazi genocide and mass murder. Instead of simply reburying these victims, American Military Government carried out a series of highly ritualized “forced confrontations” towards German civilians centered on the dead bodies themselves. The Americans forced nearby German townspeople to witness the atrocity site, disinter the bodies, place them in coffins, parade these bodies through the town and lay them to rest in town cemeteries. At the conclusion of the ceremony in the cemetery in the presence of dead bodies, the Americans accused the assembled German civilians and Germany as whole of collective guilt for the crimes of the Nazi regime. This landmark study places American forced confrontations into the emerging field of dead body politics or necropolitics. Drawing on the theoretical work of Katherine Verdery and others, the book argues that forced confrontation represented a politicization of dead bodies aimed at the ideological goals of accusing Germans and Germany of collective guilt for the war, Nazism and Nazi genocide. These were not top-down Allied policy decisions. Instead, they were initiated and carried out at the field command level and by ordinary U.S. field officers and soldiers appalled and angered by the level of violence and killing they discovered in small German towns in April and May 1945. This study of the experience of war and forced confrontations around dead bodies compels readers to rethink the nature of the American soldier fighting in Germany in 1945 and the evolution, practice and purpose of American political and ideological ideas of German collective guilt.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: A Defeated Enemy Nation Chapter 2: Nazi Killing Fields in Germany Chapter 3: The 48-Hour Ultimatum Chapter 4: The Punishment of Neunburg vorm Wald Chapter 5: The Re-Education of Germans: Regional Forced Confrontation in May 1945 Chapter 6: Human Remains: The Enduring Politics of Dead Bodies in the Postwar Era

About the Author :
Christopher E. Mauriello is professor of history and director of the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Salem State University.

Review :
Mauriello (Salem State Univ.) explores several critical episodes in the closing weeks of Germany’s defeat in 1945. US Third Army soldiers, pushing through eastern Bavaria along the Czech border, came across victims of the death march from the Flossenbürg concentration camp. Corpses dotted the landscape, victims of mass murder; some lay scattered along the countryside, while others were buried in shallow graves. Some locals knew of the victims, but many did not. Coming across this brutality altered US troops' perception of the region’s civilian population. In a very short time, Americans moved from seeing themselves as liberators to men dedicated to justice for the victims. Spontaneously, officers compelled village leaders and residents to view the remains where found, then to dig up the decayed corpses from shallow graves, build coffins, and rebury the dead with honor. In the process, public processions of the victims served as a vehicle to lecture the Germans on their own collective guilt. By the third week of these rituals, where soldiers often denied civilians the use of gloves or masks in handling the dead, a growing sense of victimization grew among the Germans. Resentment among villagers turned the Americans from liberators into occupiers who unjustly punished those whose only crime was to live under Nazi rule. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students/faculty. In Forced Confrontation, Christopher E. Mauriello recounts the evolution of American soldiers' efforts to comprehend evidence of Nazi mass murder and to avenge the heinous crimes. His work contributes to debates about collective guilt, early US occupation policies, and the formation of collective memories of the Holocaust. Engagingly written, the book effectively combines US military and local German history to capture the chaos of interregnum Germany in April–May 1945. This study provides a timely examination of the actions and demeanors of bystanders of the Holocaust, a growing but relatively overlooked area of Holocaust studies. Christopher E. Mauriello’s analysis of the American army’s spontaneous actions of disciplining and punishing the German civilian population—mobilizing it to assist the dead—unveils a dramatic performance of power, guilt, and shame. It offers much needed insight into the necropolitics of postwar Germany and Central and Eastern Europe more generally, as well as how societies might be transformed when confronted with human remains. In his rich, microhistorical study of the complex dynamics shaping encounters between the US military and the native German population in the last months of the Second World War, Christopher E. Mauriello takes the reader on a compelling tour through the Bavarian countryside, a ‘zone of death’ scattered with mass graves and provisionally buried corpses of the victims of Nazi death marches. By focusing on performative and deeply politically inflected spaces opened by forced exhumations and ritualized reburials, Mauriello dissects the political and affective logic behind blanket accusations of collective guilt, but also brings into the analysis actors far too often excluded from studies on the immediate responses to mass death and destruction arising from the war: dead bodies in their disturbing physical and sensuous presence and the ability to fashion relations among the living. Although much has been written about the liberation of the concentration camps by Allied forces at the end of World War II, and the impact that such a harrowing encounter had on the soldiers who witnessed the horror at first hand, relatively little research has been carried out on the experiences of those American GIs who discovered the graves of the thousands of victims who died on the forced marches across Germany as the Axis forces faced defeat. Christopher E. Mauriello’s detailed and evocative account of the confusion and chaos that typified this period is an exemplary investigation into a crucial moment in history, when US servicemen independently felt the need to inflict a form of communal justice and retribution on the German communities that they took responsibility for. In a series of detailed case studies of four towns, combining exhaustive primary source research with eyewitness testimony, Mauriello weaves a rich and deep narrative that demonstrates the shock of the liberators as they discovered the brutal aftermath of Nazi rule, and their sense of outrage that propelled them to exact justice on the local population who they held accountable for the crimes of the regime.