Control of Violence: Historical and International Perspectives on Violence in Modern Societies

The Control of Violence in Modern Society, starts from the hypothesis that in modern society we will face an increasing loss of control over certain phenomena of violence. This leads to unpredictable escalations and violence can no longer be contained adequately by the relevant control regimes, such as police, state surveillance institutions, national repression apparatuses and international law. However, before investigating this hypothesis from an internationally and historically comparative perspective, the terms and "tools" for this undertaking have to be rendered more precisely. Since both "control" and "violence" are all but clear-cut terms but rather highly debatable and contested concepts that may take multiple connotations. The main question is whether an increase in certain forms of violence can be explained by the failure or, in turn, "overeffectiveness" of certain control mechanisms. It is asked, for instance, which contribution religion can make to limit violence and, in turn, which destructive potential religion might have in its fundamentalist form. Moreover, the concept of individual self-control as well as social institutions and strategies of collective disengagement and de-radicalization are investigated with regard to their potential for controlling violence. The Control of Violence in Modern Society concludes with a re-examination of the hypothesis of a loss of control by specifying in what cases and under which circumstances we can speak of a loss of control over violence.

Table of Contents:
1. Theoretical and analytical framework 2. Control and loss of control in an historical perspective Policining youth protests and juvenile delinquency in Germany from the 1950s until 1980s Anarchist terrorism in imperial Germany and third Republic France Deescalation by Communication? Dealing with Left-Wing Terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s Ethnic riots in situations of loss of control: regime change, civil war and revolution as opportunity structures for anti-Jewish violence in 19-20th century Europe Control of violence by gun-control. Concepts and activities in the German Empire 1871 – 1914 Loss of Control over Small-Group Clandestine Violence: The Case of German Terrorism in the Long Twentieth-Century Making war and crafting peace in contemporary Africa The neglected significance of skill formation in control of violence Violence control beyond the state? The case of DR Congo "You can’t be donated power": Altruistic Intervention, Political Violence, and Post-War Reconstruction – the role of ‘external’ actors in the control of violence 3. Multidisciplinary perspectives on violence Nature of Violence The modernity of violence: decivilizing processes Giving an end to violence Emerging evidence for the theory of low-status compensation and its relationship to violence 4. The Micro-Level: School-Shootings School Shootings: Perceived losses of control – attempts to regain control School violence and its control in the USA and Germany since the 1950s School shootings: Specific problems of control Prevention, Intervention and Coping with School Shootings (reprint) 5. The Meso-Level: Terrorism Local roots and transnationalism of ‘Islamist’terrorism Out of control? Explaining terrorist violence from a Jihadi perspective Transformations of terrorism. The performative character of political violence. The radical milieu: pathways to joining terrorist groups The Grotesque Body and Mystical Conquest: The Case of Shi‘i Cult of Martyrdom 6. The Macro Level: Violence in fragile states Modern Barbarism and the propects of civilization. Eliasion themes in an African context Controlling violence in the failed state: An examination of the UN’s disarmament, demobilization and reintegration Using fuel to put out a fire? Violence control in the context of ‘fragile’ states – the case of vigilantism in Nigeria Oil in the Niger Delta – militancy and the challenge of violence control Climate change and conflict 7. Mechanisms and "tools" of control 8. Case studies on the mechanism of control Religions actors and their potential of containing violence Impact of religion on prevention and control of violence Religious communities as violent actors Self-Control and the Management of Violence Conscience as an element of self-control Opportunities for de-radicalizing radical milieus Learning terrorism behind individual and collective disengagement Violence, control and the body Cross-National Homicide Trends in the Latter Decades of the 20th Century: Losses and Gains in Institutional Control? 9. Conclusion Loss of control? In what cases and under what circumstances.

About the Author :
Wilhelm Heitmeyer (Dr. phil.) is Professor of Socialization and Director of the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence at Bielefeld University. His research interests concentrate on violence, social disintegration, right-wing extremism, and ethnic-cultural conflicts. His publications include International Handbook of Violence Research (co-edited with John Hagan); Rechtsextremistische Orientierungen bei Jugendlichen [Right-Wing Extremism Among Young People] (1987); Gewalt [Violence] (1995); Bedrohte Stadtgesellschaften [Urban Societies Under Threat] (co-edited with Reimund Anhut) (2000). He is Editor-in Chief of the International Journal of Conflict and Violence (with D. Massey et al.). He is organizer of the international research group "Control of Violence" at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF), Bielefeld University (with Heinz Gerhard-Haupt/ Bielefeld, Florence). Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (Dr. phil.) is Professor of Social History at Bielefeld University and Head of the department of history and civilization at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. His work focuses on social History and political History of Modern Europe, Methodology of Comparative History. His current research projects encompass History of Political Violence in 19th and 20th Century Europe, History of Consumption in 19th and 20th Century Europe, History of Social Movements and Classes: The First of May in Europe after 1945, Comparative History of European Nationalism: Nation and Religion in 19th and 20th Century. Recent publications include Neue Politikgeschichte [New political history](with Ute Frevert, eds.) (2005); Exklusion und Partizipation [Exclusion and particpiation] (with C. Gusy, Eds.); Terrorismus in der Bundesrepublik: Medien, Staat und Subkulturen in den 1970er Jahren [Terrorism in the Federal Republic ofGermany: Media, state, and subcultures] (with K. Weinhauer and J. Requate, Eds.) (2006). He is organizer of the international research group "Control of Violence" at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF), Bielefeld University (with Wilhelm Heitmeyer/ Bielefeld).