Deviant Behavior

Deviant behavior is not a subject that you study in school and then file away. It is a study of life and is ever changing. Defining the concept of deviant behavior is one of the most difficult tasks to overcome when studying the subject. Sociologists probably disagree more over the meaning of deviant behavior than any other subject. Deviant Behavior is an easy-to-read text that defines and explains the concepts and issues involved in the study of deviant behavior. The book begins by exploring the nature and definition of deviance. It discusses why certain conduct is labeled as deviant and some is not. It examines the two major perspectives on what constitutes deviance—positivism and constructionism. It goes on to look at the various theoretical explanations for deviant behavior, including free will or lack thereof, rational choice, social control, cultural transmission, strain theories, and biological and psychological explanations. The book provides an in-depth explanation of the many categories of deviant behavior—interpersonal violence, self-destructive behavior, family violence, business and organized crime, governmental deviance, cybercrimes, and human trafficking and commercial sex. The authors take an international approach and emphasize that what is deviant in one culture may not be deviant in another. To aid understanding, each chapter concludes with a detailed summary, review questions, and definitions of the relevant key terms.

Table of Contents:
Preface About the Authors What Is Deviant Behavior? Chapter Objectives Introduction Defining Deviance and Deviant Behavior Working Solution Faces of Deviance Positivist Perspective Constructionist Perspective Deconstruction of Deviance Normative and Situational Perspectives Positive Deviance Social Rules Social Controls Norms Socialization Sanctions Deviance as a Shifting Concept Utility of Deviant Behavior Politics and Deviance Behavior Assessment Undetected Deviance Tolerable and Acceptable Dimensions of Deviance Overview of Deviance Theories Are Deviants Different? Study of Deviance as a Separate Discipline Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Organizations and Websites of Interest Endnotes Theoretical Explanations Chapter Objectives Free Will or Lack of Free Will Free Will Concept of the Classical School Lack of Free Will Social Determinism Rational Choice Explanations Social Control Theories Social Disorganization Concentric Zone Theory Cultural Transmission Theory Symbolic Interactionism Differential Association Differential Association Reinforcement Theory Strain Theories Robert Merton Biological Explanations Body Type Theories Chromosomal Abnormality Psychological Explanations Intelligence Personality Impulse Control Disorder Aggression Antisocial Personality Disorder Routine Activity Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Constructionist Approaches Chapter Objectives Constructionist Perspectives Labeling Theory Looking-Glass Self Frank Tannenbaum Edwin Lemert Howard Becker Erving Goffman David Matza Labeling Process in Nondeviant Behavior Situations Process of Labeling Behavior Critiques of Labeling Theory Modified Labeling Theory Hard and Soft Labeling Conflict and Critical Theories Karl Marx C. Wright Mills Alan Sears Critical Theories William Chambliss George Vold New Criminology Controlology Practicum Summary Questions in Review Endnotes Interpersonal Violence Chapter Objectives Introduction Violence Interpersonal Violence Human Capital Approach Homicide Criminal Homicide Murder Voluntary Manslaughter Involuntary Manslaughter Euthanasia Suicide Sexual Assault Rape Consent Rape Shield Laws Spousal Rape Stalking Hate Crimes Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Self-Destructive Deviance Chapter Objectives Introduction Suicide Durkheim Sociological Risk Factors Threatening to Commit Suicide Suicide Attempts Assisting a Person to Commit Suicide Preventing Suicide Theoretical Explanations of Suicide Emile Durkheim Andrew Henry and James Short Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Drugs and Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Abuse War on Drugs Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Eating Disorder Myths Self-Inflicted Violence Poor Personal Health Habits Smoking Is Sitting the New Smoking? Killing Ourselves Diverse Lifestyles Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Unacceptable Terms and Definitions Endnotes Family Violence and Deviance Chapter Objectives Introduction Relationship Violence Myths About Family Violence Intimate Partner Violence Why Is Family Violence So Common? Who Are the Victims of Family Violence? What About the Batterer? Why Batter? Dating Violence What Causes Family Violence? Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Social Stress Strain Theories Power Marital Dependency Alcohol Marriage Self-Control Social Learning Theory Feminist Theory Subculture of Violence Psychopathological Theory Sociocultural Model of Family Violence Exchange Theory Parent Abuse Law Enforcement Response to Family Violence Civil Protective Orders Who Can Get a CPO? Problem With CPOs Mandatory Arrests The Duty of Law Enforcement to Come to the Rescue Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Social Inequality and Deviance Issues Chapter Objectives Introduction Equality for Women Racial Equality Economic Inequality Economics of Unauthorized Migration Inequality and Law Enforcement Inequality and Crime Crime and Incarceration in the United States Income and Crime Structured Inequality Behavior of Law Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Physical and Mental Differences as Deviance Chapter Objectives Introduction Stigma Stereotype Threat Physical Appearance Tattoos Prison Tattoos Physical Disability Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Fair Housing Act Air Carrier Access Act The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 Mental Illness Genetics Biology Other Conditions Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Narcissism Schizophrenia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) Long-Term Crisis Reaction Developmental Disability Insanity Legal Tests for Insanity Diminished Responsibility Intoxication Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Business and Organized Crime Chapter Objectives Introduction White-Collar Crimes Edwin H. Sutherland Theories on Causation Organizational Needs Routine Activity Theory Situational Crime Prevention Theory Structural Dimensions of Opportunity Money Laundering Insider Trading Punishment for White-Collar or Business Crime Offenses Organized Crime Criminal Gangs and Drug Cartels Criminal Gangs Drug Cartels Mafia Sicilian Mafia American Mafia Practicum Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Governmental Deviance Chapter Objectives Introduction Bribery and Illegal Gratuity Elements of Bribery and Illegal Gratuities Public Official or Witness Value Official Act Requirement Prosecution and Informant Agreements Intent Intent Required to Establish Bribery Intent in Illegal Gratuity Offenses Criminal Conflict of Interest Acts Affecting Financial Interest Illegal Outside Salaries for Federal Employees Honest Services Fraud Election Deviance Explanation of Governmental Deviance Law Enforcement Deviance Environmental Crime Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Cybercrimes Chapter Objectives Introduction Extent of the Problem Common Cybercrime Fraud Schemes Tips for Avoiding Internet Auction Fraud Tips for Avoiding Nondelivery of Merchandise Tips for Avoiding Credit Card Fraud Tips for Avoiding Investment Fraud Tips for Avoiding Business Fraud Extortion Nigerian Letter or 419 Fraud Tips for Avoiding the Nigerian Letter or 419 Fraud Causation Preventing Cybercrime Prosecution by CCIPS Computer-Related Criminal Statutes Cyberbullying Cyberbullying Signs Tips to Overcome Cyberbullying Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Human Trafficking and Commercial Sex Chapter Objectives Human Trafficking What Constitutes Slavery? Where Does Trafficking Take Place? Who Are the Victims? Antislavery Legislation Indications of Trafficking Sex Trafficking Victims of Sex Trafficking Types of Sex Trafficking Prostitution Why Do People Engage in Prostitution? Customers of Prostitution Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Unconventional Beliefs and Behaviors Chapter Objectives Introduction Social Belief Systems Deviant Drinking Behavior Workplace Deviance Computer and Internet Addiction Who Becomes Addicted? The Addiction Process Diagnostic Criteria Paranormal Abnormal Religious Practices Summary Questions in Review Key Terms Endnotes Index

About the Author :
Cliff Roberson is professor emeritus of criminal justice at Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas, and a retired professor of criminology at California State University, Fresno. He previously served as editor in chief of the international police journals Police Practices and Research and Professional Issues in Criminal Justice Journal. He is also an adjunct professor for Kaplan University. He has authored or coauthored more than 60 books and texts on legal subjects. His previous academic experiences include associate vice president for academic affairs, Arkansas Tech University; dean of arts and sciences, University of Houston, Victoria; director of programs, National College of District Attorneys; professor of criminology and director of the Justice Center, California State University, Fresno; and assistant professor of criminal justice, St. Edwards University. Elena Azaola is professor emeritus at the Center for Advanced Studies and Research in Social Anthropology located in Mexico City. She earned a PhD in anthropology and did her postgraduate study on deviant behavior at Columbia University. She is also a psychoanalyst. Dr. Azaola is presently Mexico’s representative to the Human Rights Commission. In addition, she was an advisor with the National Commission of Human Rights and a council member at the Federal District Commission of Human Rights. She coordinated the European Commission project for street children in Mexico (1999–2003). Dr. Azaola has published more than 125 journal articles and numerous books on human behavior, crime, and human rights. Her research on the commercial sexual exploitation of children was sponsored by the United Nations Children Fund.