Introduction to Spintronics, Second Edition

Introduction to Spintronics provides an accessible, organized, and progressive presentation of the quantum mechanical concept of spin and the technology of using it to store, process, and communicate information. Fully updated and expanded to 18 chapters, this Second Edition: Reflects the explosion of study in spin-related physics, addressing seven important physical phenomena with spintronic device applications Discusses the recently discovered field of spintronics without magnetism, which allows one to manipulate spin currents by purely electrical means Explores lateral spin-orbit interaction and its many nuances, as well as the possibility to implement spin polarizers and analyzers using quantum point contacts Introduces the concept of single-domain-nanomagnet-based computing, an ultra-energy-efficient approach to compute and store information using nanomagnets, offering a practical rendition of single-spin logic architecture ideas and an alternative to transistor-based computing hardware Features many new drill problems, and includes a solution manual and figure slides with qualifying course adoption Still the only known spintronics textbook written in English, Introduction to Spintronics, Second Edition is a must read for those interested in the science and technology of storing, processing, and communicating information via the spin degree of freedom of electrons.

Table of Contents:
The Early History of Spin Spin The Bohr Planetary Model and Space Quantization The Birth of "Spin" The Stern-Gerlach Experiment The Advent of Spintronics Problems References The Quantum Mechanics of Spin Pauli Spinmatrices The Pauli Equation and Spinors More on the Pauli Equation Extending the Pauli Equation - The Dirac Equation The Time Independent Dirac Equation Problems Appendix References The Bloch Sphere The Spinor and the "Qubit" The Bloch Sphere Concept Problems References Evolution of a Spinor on the Bloch Sphere Spin-1/2 Particle in a Constant Magnetic Field: Larmor Precession Preparing to Derive the Rabi Formula The Rabi Formula Problems References The Density Matrix The Density Matrix Concept: Case of a Pure State Properties of the Density Matrix Pure versus Mixed State Concept of the Bloch Ball Time Evolution of the Density Matrix: Case of Mixed State The Relaxation Times T1 and T2 and the Bloch Equations Problems References Spin-Orbit Interaction Microscopic or Intrinsic Spin-Orbit Interaction in an Atom Macroscopic or Extrinsic Spin-Orbit Interaction Problems References Magneto-Electric Subbands in Quantum Confined Structures in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Interaction Dispersion Relations of Spin Resolved Magneto-Electric Subbands and Eigenspinors in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Interaction Dispersion Relations of Spin Resolved Magneto-Electric Subbands and Eigenspinors in a One-Dimensional Electron Gas in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Interaction Magnetic Field Perpendicular to Wire Axis and the Electric Field Causing Rashba Effect (i.e., along the z-axis) Eigenenergies of Spin Resolved Subbands and Eigenspinors in a Quantum Dot in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Interaction Why Are the Dispersion Relations Important? Problems References Spin Relaxation The Spin-Independent Spin-Orbit Magnetic Field Spin Relaxation Mechanisms Spin Relaxation in a Quantum Dot Problems References Some Spin Phenomena The Spin Hall Effect The Spin Galvanic Effect The Spin Capacitor Effect The Spin Transfer Torque Effect The Spin Hanle Effect The Spin Seebeck Effect The Spin Peltier Effect Problems References Exchange Interaction Identical Particles and the Pauli Exclusion Principle Hartree and Hartree-Fock Approximations The Role of Exchange in Ferromagnetism The Heisenberg Hamiltonian Problems References Spin Transport in Solids The Drift-Diffusion Model The Semiclassical Model Concluding Remarks Problems References Passive Spintronic Devices and Related Concepts Spin Valve Spin Injection Efficiency Hysteresis in Spin Valve Magnetoresistance Giant Magnetoresistance Spin Accumulation Spin Injection across a Ferromagnet/Metal Interface Spin Injection in a Spin Valve Spin Extraction at the Interface between a Ferromagnet and a Semiconductor Problems References Active Devices Based on Spin and Charge Spin-Based Transistors Spin Field Effect Transistors (SPINFET) Analysis of the Two-Dimensional SPINFET Device Performance of SPINFETs Power Dissipation Estimates Other Types of SPINFETs The Importance of the Spin Injection Efficiency Transconductance, Gain, Bandwidth, and Isolation Spin Bipolar Junction Transistors (SBJT) GMR-Based Transistors Concluding Remarks Problems References All-Electric Spintronics with Quantum Point Contacts Quantum Point Contacts A Few Recent Experimental Results with QPCs and QDs Spin Orbit Coupling Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling (RSOC) Lateral Spin-Orbit Coupling (LSOC) Stern-Gerlach Type Spatial Spin Separation in a QPC Structure Detection of Spin Polarization Observation of a 0.5 G0 Conductance Plateau in Asymmetrically Biased QPCs with In-Plane Side Gates Prospect for Generation of Spin Polarized Current at Higher Temperatures Prospect for an All-Electric Spin FET Conclusion Problems References Single Spin Processors Single Spintronics Reading and Writing Single Spin Single Spin Logic Energy Dissipation Issues Comparison between Spin Transistors and Single-Spin-Processors Concluding Remarks Problems References Quantum Computing with Spins The Quantum Inverter Can the NAND Gate Be Switched without Dissipating Energy? Universal Reversible Gate: The Toffoli-Fredkin Gate A-Matrix Quantum Gates Qubits Superposition States Quantum Parallelism Universal Quantum Gates A 2-Qubit "Spintronic" Universal Quantum Gate Conclusion Problems References Nanomagnetic Logic: Computing with Giant Classical Spins Nanomagnetic Logic and Bennett Clocking Why Nanomagnetism? Problems References A Brief Quantum Mechanics Primer Blackbody Radiation and Quantization of Electromagnetic Energy The Concept of the Photon Wave-Particle Duality and the De Broglie Wavelength Postulates of Quantum Mechanics Some Elements of Semiconductor Physics: Particular Applications in Nanostructures The Rayleigh-Ritz Variational Procedure The Transfer Matrix Formalism Peierls’ Transformation Problems References

About the Author :
Supriyo Bandyopadhyay is Commonwealth Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University, where he directs the Quantum Device Laboratory. A Fellow of several scientific societies, Dr. Bandyopadhyay serves on the editorial boards of six international journals, and as the chair of the Technical Committee on Spintronics within the Nanotechnology Council of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He previously served as the chair of the Technical Committee on Compound Semiconductor Devices within the Electron Device Society of IEEE, as an IEEE distinguished lecturer, and as a vice president of the IEEE Nanotechnology Council. Widely published, he has given more than 100 invited/keynote talks at conferences, workshops, and colloquia across four continents, and received the Distinguished Scholarship Award (the highest award for scholarship awarded to one faculty member each year) from Virginia Commonwealth University. Marc Cahay is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems at the University of Cincinnati. Widely published and highly decorated, Professor Cahay is a Fellow of the Academy of Teaching and Learning at the University of Cincinnati, a Fellow of several scientific societies, a member of numerous editorial boards, the education chair of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Nanotechnology Council, and a member of the IEEE Technical Committee on Spintronics, Nanomagnetism and Quantum Computing. He has served on the organizing committee of more than 30 international conferences, as an IEEE Nanotechnology Council and IEEE Electron Device Society distinguished lecturer, as a member of IEEE Technical Committee on Simulation and Modeling, and as the IEEE Nanotechnology Council vice-president of conference.

Review :
"... a perfect, quantitative introduction to the field, with coverage of all important contemporary topics. Besides scientists and engineers working in the fields of spintronics, nanoelectronics, and quantum computing, this book will especially benefit undergraduate and beginning graduate students who have not been exposed to more rigorous training in quantum mechanics. For beginning students, the first five chapters cover the quantum mechanics of spin angular momentum, Dirac and Pauli equations, Bloch sphere, and density matrix. The rest of the book logically builds on this foundation-the authors take the reader by the hand and lead her/him through the detailed derivations from the basic expressions to the equations describing the physics of contemporary spintronic devices." -Boris M. Vulovic, Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, and Senior Research Engineer, APIC Corporation, Culver City, California, USA "… a perfect, quantitative introduction to the field, with coverage of all important contemporary topics. Besides scientists and engineers working in the fields of spintronics, nanoelectronics, and quantum computing, this book will especially benefit undergraduate and beginning graduate students who have not been exposed to more rigorous training in quantum mechanics. For beginning students, the first five chapters cover the quantum mechanics of spin angular momentum, Dirac and Pauli equations, Bloch sphere, and density matrix. The rest of the book logically builds on this foundation—the authors take the reader by the hand and lead her/him through the detailed derivations from the basic expressions to the equations describing the physics of contemporary spintronic devices." —Boris M. Vulovic, Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, and Senior Research Engineer, APIC Corporation, Culver City, California, USA "… provides a useful introduction to spintronics and nanomagnetism for beginning graduate students. The authors are well established in their field and naturally bring a technical perspective from being active in research." —Avik Ghosh, University of Virginia "The book gives a generous broad overview of spintronics. It sets off from the basic quantum mechanics needed and subsequently moves systematically to higher experts levels to make the reader comfortable with current ideas and relevant research literature in this dynamic field." —Karl-Fredrik Berggren, Linköping University, Sweden "… provides sufficient knowledge and understanding in the field of spintronic devices for researchers and students in academics and industry. … I am sure this book will provide a very good platform for further development of spintronics research and education. —Saroj Prasad Dash, Chalmers University of Technology "… amazingly comprehensive coverage … most welcome to not only those planning to but also those already working in this field of research and technology. … provides all that a novice graduate student needs to learn to rapidly attain a practical working knowledge of spintronics. Other readers of this book will gain a better understanding of the physics behind the most recent developments in spintronics." —David J. Lockwood, National Research Council Canada "… an elegant and logical flow among the different topics, which makes it more accessible to broad audience. Basic spin concepts illustrated by a comprehensive set of updated experimental evidences of spin effects in solid state materials are now clearly presented together with proposals for applications in quantum information processing. Overall, this is a great textbook for scientists and engineers as well as laymen, who want to familiarize themselves with this fascinating and emerging field of device physics." —Jean-Pierre Leburton, Gregory Stillman Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Professor of Physics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science& Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.