Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements

The American edition of this handbook contains concise informa­ tion on the basic physical properties of the elements and on their chem­ ical characteristics. In general, the data selected for inclusion in the handbook are those which either agree well with calculated data (in those cases where calculations could be carried out) or satisfy various correlations, particularly those based on concepts of the distribution of valence electrons of isolated atoms in the formation of a condensed state, as electrons localized at atomic ions in the form of energetically stable configurations, and as nonlocalized electrons. The Russian edition was published in the USSR in 1965, and new or previously omitted data have been added to all the sections of the present edition. In addition, the authors have considered it necessary to include a series of new sections. Thus, a new table has been included, "Electronic Configurations and Ground States of Free Atoms and Their Ions," since, in the ionization of some atoms (particularly for transition metals), the electrons are not always abstracted from the outer shell, and, consequently, calculation of the ground state (electron energy level) using the usual vector model does not give a direct result. The ground states are obtained experimentally and the table contains the corresponding data on the configurations and states of triply-ionized atoms (which is usually sufficient).

Table of Contents:
I. Atomic Structure and Crystallochemical Properties of the Elements.- Content of Elements in the Universe.- Relative Content of Nuclei of Elements in Cosmic Rays.- Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust.- Content of Elements in Sea Water.- Atomic Weights, Atomic Volumes, and Year of Discovery of Elements.- Electronic Structure of Isolated Atoms.- Ionization Potentials of Atoms.- Electron Affinity.- Electronegativity of Elements.- Bond Energies of Deep-Lying Electrons.- Electronic Configuration and Ground States of Free Atoms and Their Ions.- Number of Spectral Lines of the Elements.- Spectral Lines of the Elements.- Wavelengths of L-Series.- Wavelengths of K-Series.- Wavelengths of M-Series.- Wavelengths of N-Series.- Radii of the Main Maxima of Outer Orbitals of Atoms.- Radii of the Main Maxima of Outer Orbitals of Ions.- Atomic and Ionic Radii.- Crystal Structure of the Elements.- Polymorphic Conversions.- Density of the Elements.- II. Nuclear Physical Properties of the Elements.- Isotopic Composition of the Elements.- Energy Levels of Nuclei.- Thermal Neutron Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections of Nuclei of Elements and Isotopes.- Thermal Neutron Fission Cross Sections of Nuclei of Heavy Elements.- Interaction of Nuclei of Elements with Neutrons in Resonance Region.- Interaction of Nuclei of Elements and Isotopes with Fast Neutrons.- Maximum Range of Electrons in Solid Elements.- Scattering of Electrons at Atoms.- Properties of Elementary Particles.- III. Thermodynamic and Heat Properties of Elements.- Entropies of Gaseous Elements.- Entropies of Substances.- Heat Capacity.- Melting and Boiling Points.- Heats of Fusion and Sublimation.- Vapor Pressure.- Vapor Pressures of Elements at Melting Points.- Critical Parameters of Elements.- Reduced ThermodynamicPotentials.- Thermal Conductivity.- Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.- Characteristic Temperature.- Mean Square Displacement of Atoms in Thermal Oscillations.- Crystal Lattice Energy.- Surface Tension.- Dynamic Viscosity of Elements in Liquid State.- Kinematic Viscosity of Elements in Liquid State.- Viscosity of Some Liquified Gases.- Self-Diffusion Parameters of the Elements.- Interdiffusion Parameters of the Elements.- Mobility of Ions in Gases.- IV. Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Elements.- Electrical Conductivity.- Thermal Coefficient of Electrical Resistance.- Superconductivity.- Thermoelectric Properties.- Galvanomagnetic Properties.- Magnetic Properties.- Emission Properties.- Work Function of Different Faces of a Tungsten Single Crystal.- Secondary Electron Emission.- Width of Forbidden Band.- Dielectric Properties.- V. Optical Properties of the Elements.- Color.- Emissivity.- Reflectivity.- Refractive Indices.- VI. Mechanical Properties of the Elements.- Modulus of Normal Elasticity.- Shear Modulus.- Poisson’s Ratio.- Compressibility.- Velocity of Sound in Matter.- Limit of Proportionality during Strain.- Tensile Yield Stress.- Tensile Strength.- Relative Elongation.- Compressive Strength.- Fatigue Limit under Alternating Bending.- Creep.- Long-Term Strength of Metals.- Impact Strength.- Hardness on Mineralogical Scale.- Brinell Hardness.- Vickers Hardness.- Rockwell Hardness.- Microhardness.- VII. Electrochemical Properties of Elements.- Normal. Electrode Potentials.- Electrochemical Weight Equivalents.- Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Elements and Ions in Water at 298°K.- Evolution of Hydrogen on Various Metals in Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Alkalis at 293°K.- VIII. Chemical Properties of the Elements.- Interaction of theElements with Various Reagents.- Corrosion of the Elements in Various Media.- Reactions of the Elements with Hydrogen.- Reactions of the Elements with Boron.- Reactions of the Elements with Carbon.- Reactions of the Elements with Silicon.- Reactions of the Elements with Nitrogen.- Reactions of the Elements with Phosphorus.- Reactions of the Elements with Oxygen.- Reactions of the Elements with Sulfur.- Reactions of the Elements with Selenium and Tellurium.- Reactions of the Elements with Refractory Materials in the Solid Phase.- Toxicity.- References.