Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics: Ecology and Population Structure(2 Current developments in anthropological genetics)

This volume examines the interrelationship of ecology, subsistence pat­ terns, and the observed genetic variation in human populations. Hence, the book is divided conceptually into the following categories: nonhuman primates, hunters and gatherers, nomads, swidden agriculturalists, peas­ ant farmers, religious isolates, and modern and urban aggregates. While many of these populations have experienced (and are experiencing) ac­ culturation as a result of contact with technologically more advanced groups, the genetic structures described in this volume attempt to recon­ struct the traditional patterns as well as genetic changes because of con­ tact. Most chapters also integrate biological (genetic), social, and de­ mographic data within an ecological frame thus presenting a holistic view of the population structures of ecologically distinct groups. The first chapter examines the body of early nonhuman primate lit­ erature that emphasized ecological determinism in effecting the popula­ tion structure of our primate ancestors-relatives. It also examines more recent literature (since 1970) in which it became apparent that greater flexibility exists in primate social structure within specific environmental frameworks. Thus, it appears that our nonhuman primate evolutionary heritage is not one of ecological determinism in social organization but one of flexibility and rapid change suggesting the evolutionary success of our species is based upon a system of flexibility and that social ad­ aptations can be accomplished in a number of diverse ways.

Table of Contents:
1. Primate Social Organization, Ecology, and Genetic Variation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Comparative Method: Fantasy and Fact.- 3. Models of Ecology and Behavior.- 4. Implications for Genetic Research.- 5. Population Structure of Cayo Santiago.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 2. Population Structures of Ghanzi and Ngamiland !Kung.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Previous Research.- 3. Study Populations.- 4. Methods.- 5. Fertility.- 6. Social Patterns.- 7. Mortality.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3. Population Structure of Circumpolar Groups of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 4. Ecology and Biological Structure of Pastoral Isseqqamaren Tuareg.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pastoralists in an Hyperarid Area.- 3. Social and Geographic Structures.- 4. Other Aspects of Isseqqamaren Dynamics.- 5. A Field Example of Biological Studies in Tuareg Isseqqamaren: Marriages in Ideles.- 6. The Tuareg Isseqqamaren Gene Pool: Preliminary Results for Some Genetic Markers.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5. The Population Structure of the Romany Gypsies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Demography.- 4. Genetic Structure.- 5. Discussion and Conclusion.- References.- 6. Genetic Architecture of Swidden Agricultural Tribes from the Lowland Rain Forests of South America.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Swidden Agriculture and its Social Concomitants.- 3. The Survival of New Mutations.- 4. Fission Effects in the Formation of New Villages.- 5. The Genetic Consequences of Fusion and Exogamy.- 6. The Production of Tribal Infrastructure and the Evolutionary Radiation of Tribes.- 7. A Prospectus for Future Work.- References.- 7. Genetic Structure of the Semai.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Semai Senoi People.- 3. Semai Local Populations.- 4. Semai Marriage Patterns.- 5. Semai Demography.- 6. Fission-Fusion and Lineal/Kinship Effect.- 7. Kin-Structured Migration.- 8. Genetic Variation.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 8. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Biological Variation on Bougainville Island.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials.- 3. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis.- 4. Results.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 9. Linguistic, Ecological, and Genetic Differentiation in New Guinea and the Western Pacific.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The North Solomons.- 3. New Guinea.- 4. The Gm Hypothesis.- 5. Kar Kar Island.- 6. Northern Populations in PNG.- 7. A Broader Picture.- References.- 10. Historical Population Structure of the Åland Islands, Finland.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sources for Fenno-Scandian Historical Demography.- 3. Historical Background.- 4. Åland Population Structure: Parish Level.- 5. Åland Population Structure: Village Level.- 6. Household and Family in Åland.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- 11. Genetic Microevolution in the Åland Islands, Finland.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Analysis.- 3. Migration Analysis.- 4. Migration—Genetics Interaction.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 12. Population Structure of Farming Communities of Northern England.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Northumberland.- 3. The Coming of Industry.- 4. Cumbria.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 13. Population Structure and Anthropometric Variation in Ireland during the 1930’s.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anthropometric Traits in Population Studies.- 3. Materials, Hypotheses, and Methods.- 4. Results and Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 14. Population Structure of a Religious Isolate: The Dariusleut Hutterites of Alberta.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Population Genetic Structure.- 3. Perspectives.- References.- 15. Kinship andInbreeding in Populations of Middle Eastern Origin and Controls.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Degrees of Inbreeding.- 3. Continuous Migration.- 4. Discontinuous Migration.- 5. Artas.- 6. Kallarwan.- 7. Discussion.- 8. Summary.- References.- 16. The Population Structure of an Urban Area in Britain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 17. New Developments in Anthropological Genetics: Accomplishments and Challenges.