Oceanography: The Past: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography, held September 22-26, 1980 at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituti

This volume, "Oceanography: The Past," is the Proceedings of the Third Inter- national Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, September 22-26, 1980. The Congress is a part of the year-long celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It will be followed by an Assembly, September 29 -October 2, in which invited speakers will address the question, ''Will we use the oceans wisely-the next SO years in oceanogra- phy?" The papers from the Assembly will also be published by Springer-Verlag as "Oceanography: The Present and Future," a companion volume to this book. The First International Congress on the History of Oceanography was held at the Musee Ocean graphique in Monaco, December 12-17, 1966. It coincided with the centennial of the beginning of the distinguished career of Prince Albert I as a student and patron of oceanography, for it was in 1866 that he first went to sea-on the armored frigate Tetuan of the Royal Spanish Navy. The results of this Congress were published as 57 papers in the Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanogra- phique (special no. 2, vols. 1-3, pp. XLII + 807, 1968).

Table of Contents:
1 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: A Commentary.- 2 The Oceanographic and How It Grew.- 3 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: An Expanding Influence.- 4 Changing Concepts of the Sea, 1550–1950: An Urban Perspective.- 5 The 1959 Oceanographic Congress: An Informal History.- 6 The R/V Atlantis and Her First Oceanographic Institution.- 7 Reviving American Oceanography: Frank Lillie, Wickliffe Rose and the Founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.- 8 Growth of an Oceanographic Institution.- 9 Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910) and the Financial Support of Oceanography in the United States.- 10 The Annisquam Sea-side Laboratory of Alpheus Hyatt, Predecessor of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, 1880–1886.- 11 Some Aspects of Anglo-American Co-operation in Marine Science, 1660–1914.- 12 Edward H. Smith and the 1928 Marion Expedition Revisited: A Compilation.- 13 The Role of T. Wayland Vaughan in American Oceanography.- 14 A Brief History of the Tortugas Marine Laboratory and the Department of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington.- 15 Some Aspects of the History of Oceanography as Seen through the Publications of the International Hydrographic Bureau 1919–1939.- 16 The Plan for an International Oceanographic Congress Proposed by H. S. H. the Prince Albert 1st of Monaco.- 17 Oceanographic Prescience: The Deliberations of the First U.S. Interagency Conference on Oceanography, July 1, 1924.- 18 Some Historical Backgrounds for the Establishment of the Stazione Zoologica at Naples.- 19 A Review of Wüst’s Classification of the Major Deep-sea Expeditions 1873–1960 and Its Extension to Recent Oceanographic Research Programs.- 20 The Role of Instruments in the Development of Physical Oceanography.- 21 Meso-scale SpatialDistribution of Plankton: Co-evolution of Concepts and Instrumentation.- 22 Some Origins and Perspectives in Deep-ocean Instrumentation Development.- 23 The Historical Development of Tidal Science, and the Liverpool Tidal Institute.- 24 Six’s Thermometer: A Century of Use in Oceanography.- 25 North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Observations: A History.- 26 Some Aspects of the Historical Development on the Studies of the Kuroshio and the Oyashio.- 27 Seasonal Changes in the Suez Canal Following Its Opening in 1869; Newly Discovered Hydrographic Records of 1870–1872.- 28 The First Geological-Oceanological Studies of the Black Sea (N. F. Andrusov, A. D. Arkhangel’sky, N. M. Strakhov).- 29 The First Deep Ocean Drilling.- 30 Geological and Oceanographical Studies in the Caspian Sea and Problems of Oil and Gas Deposits.- 31 The Development of Marine Chemistry until 1900.- 32 Physical Oceanography of the Chilean Sea: An Historical Study.- 33 From the Physiology of Marine Organisms to Oceanographic Physiology or Physiological Oceanography.- 34 Alexander Agassiz, Carl Chun and the Problem of the Intermediate Fauna.- 35 The British Association Dredging Committee: A Brief History.- 36 Development of Knowledge of the Correlation between Land and Sea in Historical Times.- 37 A Commemoration on the 50th Anniversary of the William Beebe-Otis Barton Bathysphere Dives.- 38 Marine Industrial Pollution.- 39 The History of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Marine Environment.- 40 Artificial Radionuclides in the Oceans.- 41 The Royal Society and the Study of Coral Reefs.- 42 Early 19th Century Oceanography around Terra Australis.- 43 The Plankton-Expedition and the Copepod Studies of Friedrich and Maria Dahl.- 44 Studies on Estuarine-Marine Dependency.- 45 History of PolishBiological Oceanographic Research.- 46 On the Environment and Unity in Marine Research.- 47 Phytoplankton Ecology before 1900: Supplementary Notes to the “Depths of the Ocean”.- 48 The Victorian Aquarium in Ecological and Social Perspective.- 49 The Development of Biological Studies in the Ocean Environment.- 50 Physical Oceanography in India: An Historical Sketch.- 51 Switzerland’s Contributions to the Aquatic Sciences over the Centuries.- 52 Traditional Chinese Ichthyology and Its Encounter with Jesuit Science: An Historical Survey.- 53 On the History of Arab Navigation.- 54 Vila do Infante (Prince-Town), the First School of Oceanography in the Modern Era: An Essay.- 55 King Carlos of Portugal, a Pioneer in European Oceanography.- 56 Studies of the Acceptance of Plate Tectonics.- 57 How Secure is Plate Tectonics?.- 58 Early Observations and Investigations of El Niño: the Event of 1925.- 59 Oceanography Development in Peru.- 60 Oceanography and Geophysical Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: The Dutch School.- 61 Belgium and the Early Development of Modern Oceanography, Including a Note on A. F. Renard.- 62 The Forsters’ Offenses against Convention during and after Capt. Cook’s Second Voyage around the World and the Governmental Reprisals.- 63 The Meteor Expedition, an Ocean Survey.- 64 The Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger Charts of the Gulf Stream.- 65 William De Brahm’s “Continuation of the Atlantic Pilot,” an Empirically Supported Eighteenth-century Model of North Atlantic Surface Circulation.- 66 Considerations on the Medical Use of Marine Invertebrates.- 67 The Siting and Development of Mediterranean Harbors in Antiquity.- 68 Sebastos, the Harbor Complex of Caesarea Maritima, Israel: The Preliminary Report of the 1978Underwater Explorations.- 69 Gondwanaland in Ancient Indian Literature.