Cell Membranes: Methods and Reviews Volume 3

This volume assembles reviews on topics in two major related areas. One of these concerns the interactions of cells with substrata and with other cells, which are mediated by the extracellular matrix and soluble molecules. As described in this volume, these interactions are responsible for controlling cell functions ranging from embryogenesis and neural development to blood clotting. More- over, important properties of the extracellular matrix can be modulated by the interdependent actions of tumor cells and fibroblasts. The other major area of interest concerns the response of cells to extracellular signals. Recent work has begun to reveal how a remarkable diversity of cellular functions, including neuronal, proliferative, membrane--cytoskeletal, and many other kinds of re- sponses, are elicited through the mediation of a relatively small and interdepen- dent set of second messenger systems. These include both changes in cytoplasmic ionic balances and activation of various kinds of protein kinases. Both subjects are covered in this volume. The two areas are linked by the common theme of cellular response to an external environment that is sensed through cellular interactions with informational molecules, which are soluble agents, as well as those that are components of insoluble matrices. It is only recently that we have come to appreciate the complex interplay between the matrix surrounding a cell and the cell's response to hormones and growth factors. Thus, we have tried to select examples in which this type of extracellular integration may playa role.

Table of Contents:
1 Regulation of Development by the Extracellular Matrix.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Analysis, Localization, and Functions of Cell-to-SubstrateAdhesion Molecules.- 3. Involvement of Cell—Substratum Adhesion Molecules in EmbryonicCell Migration.- 4. Involvement of Cell—Substratum Adhesion Molecules in Tissue Remodeling.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Thrombospondin: A Multifunctional Platelet and Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Molecular Interactions of Thrombospondin.- 3. Roles for Thrombospondin in Platelet Function.- 4. Presence of Thrombospondin in Extracellular Matrices.- 5. Possible Functional Roles for Thrombospondin in the ExtracellularMatrix.- 6. Synopsis.- References.- 3 Neuronal Antigens Involved in Cell Adhesion and Cell Recognition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Neural Antigens Using Immunological Approaches.- 3. Role of Identified Antigens in Neuronal Cell Recognition.- 4. Neuronal Cell-Adhesion Molecules.- 5. N-CAM.- 6. Relationship of N-CAM to Other Neuronal Cell-Adhesion Molecules.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Mechanisms of ?1-Adrenergic and Related Responses: Roles ofCalcium, Phospoinositides, Guanine Nucleotides, Diacylglycerol,Calmodulin, and Changes in Protein Phosphorylation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The ?1Adrenergic Receptor.- 3. Changes in Cell Ca2+ Induced by ?1Adrenergic Agonists.- 4. Role of Phosphoinositide Changes.- 5. Role of Guanine Nucleotide—Binding Regulatory Protein.- 6. Role of Myoinositol Trisphosphate and Ca2+ Release.- 7. Role of Diacylglycerol and Protein Kinase C.- 8. Role of Ca2+ -Calmodulin-Regulated Enzymes and Other Proteins.- 9. Summary.- References.- 5 Regulation of Protein Kinase C by Lipid Cofactors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Activation of Protein Kinase Cin Vivo by Diacylglycerols.- 3. Activation of Protein Kinase C in Vitro.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Protein Kinase C and Its Role in Cell Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Protein Kinase C.- 3. Identification of Substrates for Protein Kinase C.- 4. Cellular Effects of Tumor Promoters.- 5. Interaction of Protein Kinase C with Other SignalingSystems.- 6. Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 7 Modulation of the Extracellular Matrix by Tumor Cell—FibroblastInteractions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of Tumor Cell—Fibroblast Interactions on Production of Matrix-Degrading Enzymes.- 3. Effect of Tumor Cell—Fibroblast Interactions on Production ofExtracellular Macromolecules.- 4. Cell—Cell Interactions and Extracellular Matrix Modulation inEmbryonic Development, Tissue Regeneration, and Tumor Invasion.- References.- 8 Early Cytoplasmic Signals and Cytoskeletal Responses Initiated byGrowth Factors in Cultured Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ions as Signals.- 3. Inositol Lipid Metabolites as Signals.- 4. cAMP as a Signal.- 5. Protein Phosphorylation as a Signal.- 6. Mechanisms of Desensitization to Growth Factor Stimulation.- 7. Cell Shape and Motility.- 8. Cytoskeleton.- 9. Phorbol Esters and the Cytoskeleton.- 10. Cytoplasmic pH and the Cytoskeleton.- 11. Model of the Role of the Ca2+ Signaling Pathway in Regulating theActin-Based Cytoskeleton.- 12. Prospectus.- References.