Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are  increasingly appreciated as down-stream effectors of cellular damage and dysfunction under natural and anthropogenic stress scenarios in aquatic systems. This comprehensive volume describes oxidative stress phenomena in different climatic zones and groups of organisms, taking into account specific habitat conditions and how they affect susceptibility to ROS damage. A comprehensive and detailed methods section is included which supplies complete protocols for analyzing ROS production, oxidative damage, and antioxidant systems. Methods are also evaluated with respect to applicability and constraints for different types of research. The authors are all internationally recognized experts in particular fields of oxidative stress research. This comprehensive reference volume is essential for students, researchers, and technicians in the field of ROS research, and also contains information useful for veterinarians, environmental health professionals, and decision makers.

Table of Contents:
Contributors ix Acknowledgments xv List of Abbreviations xix INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 1 Doris Abele, Jose Pablo V´azquez-Medina, and Tania Zenteno-Savin PART I. CLIMATE REGIONS AND SPECIAL HABITATS 7 1. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TROPICAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 9 Michael P. Lesser 2. OXIDATIVE CHALLENGES IN POLAR SEAS 20 Francesco Regoli, Maura Benedetti, Andreas Krell, and Doris Abele 3. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ESTUARINE AND INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENTS (TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL), 41 Carolina A. Freire, Alexis F. Welker, JanetM. Storey, Kenneth B. Storey, and Marcelo Hermes-Lima 4. OXIDATIVE STRESS TOLERANCE STRATEGIES OF INTERTIDAL MACROALGAE 58 Jos´e Aguilera and Ralf Rautenberger 5. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AQUATIC PRIMARY PRODUCERS AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES TO LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 72 Pauline Snoeijs, Peter Sylvander, and Norbert H¨aubner 6. MIGRATING TO THE OXYGEN MINIMUM LAYER: EUPHAUSIIDS 89 Nelly Tremblay, Tania Zenteno-Savin, Jaime Gomez-Gutierrez, and Alfonso N.Maeda-Martinez 7. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SULFIDIC HABITATS 99 Joanna Joyner-Matos and David Julian 8. IRON IN COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: ROLE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS 115 PaulaMariela Gonz´alez, Dorothee Wilhelms-Dick, Doris Abele, and Susana Puntarulo 9. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CORAL-PHOTOBIONT COMMUNITIES 127 Marco A. Linan-Cabello,Michael P. Lesser, Laura A. Flores-Ramírez, Tania Zenteno-Sav´in, and H´ector Reyes-Bonilla PART II. AQUATIC RESPIRATION AND OXYGEN SENSING 139 10. PRINCIPLES OF OXYGEN UPTAKE AND TISSUE OXYGENATION IN WATER-BREATHING ANIMALS 141 J. C. Massabuau and Doris Abele 11. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SHARKS AND RAYS 157 Roberto I. Lopez-Cruz, Alcir Luiz Dafre, and Danilo Wilhelm Filho 12. OXYGEN SENSING: THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES 165 Mikko Nikinmaa, Max Gassmann, and Anna Bogdanova 13. ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION IN DIVING BIRDS AND MAMMALS: HOW THEY AVOID OXIDATIVE DAMAGE 178 Tania Zenteno-Savin, Jose Pablo Vázquez-Medina, Nadiezhda Cantu-Medellín, Paul J. Ponganis, and Robert Elsner PART III. MARINE ANIMAL MODELS FOR AGING, DEVELOPMENT, AND DISEASE 191 14. AGING IN MARINE ANIMALS 193 Eva E. R. Philipp, Julia Strahl, and Alexey A. Sukhotin 15. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS IN CRUSTACEAN LIFE CYCLES 208 Maria Luisa Fanjul-Moles andMaría E. Gonsebatt 16. TRANSFER OF FREE RADICALS BETWEEN PROTEINS AND MEMBRANE LIPIDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR AQUATIC BIOLOGY 224 Brenda Valderrama, Gustavo Rodríguez-Alonso, and Rebecca Pogni 17. IMMUNE DEFENSE OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES: THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES 236 Eva E. R. Philipp, Simone Lipinski, Jonathan Rast, and Philip Rosenstiel 18. ATTACK AND DEFENSE: REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES IN TELEOST FISH IMMUNE RESPONSE AND THE COEVOLVED EVASION OF MICROBES AND PARASITES 247 Katja Broeg and Dieter Steinhagen PART IV. MARINE ANIMAL STRESS RESPONSE AND BIOMONITORING 261 19. STRESS EFFECTS ON METABOLISM AND ENERGY BUDGETS IN MOLLUSKS 263 Inna M. Sokolova, Alexey A. Sukhotin, and Gisela Lannig 20. STARVATION, ENERGETICS, AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES 281 Amalia E. Morales, Amalia Perez-Jimenez, Miriam Furne, and Helga Guderley 21. ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN FISH 295 Volodymyr I. Lushchak 22. CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS AND THE MECHANISMS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES GENERATION IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS 308 Francesco Regoli 23. BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS: BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS FOR THEIR APPLICATION IN BIOMONITORING OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS 317 JoseMaria Monserrat, Rafaela Elias Letts, Josencler L. Ribas Ferreira, Juliane Ventura-Lima, Lilian L. Amado, Alessandra M. Rocha, Stefania Gorbi, Raffaella Bocchetti,Maura Benedetti, and Francesco Regoli PART V. METHODS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS DETECTION 327 24. DETECTION OF REACTIVE METABOLITES OF OXYGEN AND NITROGEN 329 Matthew B. Grisham 25. ROLE OF SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN IN THE OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO BIOMOLECULES 344 Graziella Eliza Ronsein, Glaucia ReginaMartinez, Eduardo Alves de Almeida, SayuriMiyamoto, Marisa Helena Gennari de Medeiros, and Paolo DiMascio 26. TOTAL OXYRADICAL SCAVENGING CAPACITY ASSAY 359 Stefania Gorbi and Francesco Regoli 27. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ASSAYS OF ANTIOXIDANTS 367 Francesco Regoli, Raffaella Bocchetti, and Danilo Wilhelm Filho 28. EVALUATION OF GLUTATHIONE STATUS IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS 381 Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Danilo Grunig Humberto Silva, Afonso Celso Dias Bainy, Florencio Porto Freitas, Fl´avia Daniela Motta, Osmar Francisco Gomes, Marisa Helena Gennari de Medeiros, and Paolo DiMascio 29. MEASUREMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT PIGMENTS AND VITAMINS IN PHYTOPLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON, AND FISH 389 Pauline Snoeijs, Norbert H¨aubner, Peter Sylvander, and Xiang-Ping Nie 30. CAROTENOID ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION IN MARINE ANIMALS 402 Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Glaucia ReginaMartinez, and Paolo Di Mascio 31. LINOLEIC ACID OXIDATION PRODUCTS AS BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN VIVO 412 Etsuo Niki and Yasukazu Yoshida 32. THE CLASSIC METHODS TO MEASURE OXIDATIVE DAMAGE: LIPID PEROXIDES, THIOBARBITURIC-ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES, AND PROTEIN CARBONYLS 420 Volodymyr I. Lushchak, Halyna M. Semchyshyn, and Oleh V. Lushchak 33. PROTEIN CARBONYL MEASUREMENT BY ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY 432 Betul Catalgol, Stefanie Grimm, and Tilman Grune 34. EVALUATION OF MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVELS, 440 SayuriMiyamoto, Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Lilian Nogueira, Marisa Helena Gennari de Medeiros, and Paolo DiMascio 35. THE USE OF ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN STUDIES OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS 448 Gabriela Malanga and Susana Puntarulo 36. THE ASCORBYL RADICAL/ASCORBATE RATIO AS AN INDEX OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS 458 Gabriela Malanga, Maria Belen Aguiar, and Susana Puntarulo 37. EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS: COMET ASSAYS AND 8-OXO-7,8-DIHIDRO-2-DEOXYGUANOSINE LEVELS 465 Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli, Glaucia ReginaMartinez, Flavia DanielaMotta, Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Marisa Helena Gennari de Medeiros, and Paolo DiMascio 38. EVALUATION OF DNA ADDUCTS FORMED BY LIPID PEROXIDATION BY-PRODUCTS 475 Camila Carriao Machado Garcia, Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli, Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Marisa Helena Gennari de Medeiros, and Paolo DiMascio 39. METHODS TO QUANTIFY LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE STABILITY AND THE ACCUMULATION OF LIPOFUSCIN 487 Katja Broeg and Stefania Gorbi Index 507 Color plate section appears between pages 250 and 251

About the Author :
Doris Abele is a marine animal physiologist, biochemist and marine ecologist. She has specialized in oxygen radical research since 1990. She leads a research group for "Stress Physiology and Aging in Marine Invertebrates" at the Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, Germany. Tania Zenteno-Savin is a marine biologist at the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Her research focuses on comparative aspects of oxidative stress components in marine organisms. José Pablo Vázquez-Medina is a marine biologist based at the University of California Merced. He studies the effects of fasting, diving and sleep apnea on oxidative stress and antioxidant metabolism in marine mammals.