End of Millennium

END OF MILLENNIUM This final volume in Manuel Castells’ trilogy studies the key defining processes taking place in the last decade of the twentieth century as an expression of the crises resulting from the transition between the old industrial society and the emerging global network society. “Every now and then one reads a book of social science that is uplifting and mind expanding. These books are ambitious and lustrous, teaching us much about our world. Such is this work from the brilliant sociologist Manuel Castells. There is no other sociological work today that brings together in one panoramic expanse so many of the changes now occurring. This is a story not simply of global economic change, but of cultural upheavals. It is a tale not simply of the decline of sovereign states, but of the emergence of the new bases of power. And it is a narrative not merely about computer technology or the media, but of the very terms in which those agents work.” Anthony M. Orum, Contemporary Sociology “A magnum opus if ever there was one. In my view, the finest piece of contemporary social analysis for at least a generation.” Frank Webster, British Journal of Sociology “A truly stunning achievement. A scholar who, with remarkable mastery, has brought his experience over a lifetime to bear on astonishingly diversified data set, pulling them together into a compelling account of the complex relationship between the progressive and the reactionary, the globalizing and particularizing forces that are transforming our perplexing world.” Benjamin Barber, The Los Angeles Times Sunday Book Reviews

Table of Contents:
List of Tables xi List of Figures xii List of Charts xiii Preface to the 2010 Edition of End of Millennium xiv Acknowledgments 1997 xxvii A Time of Change 1 1 The Crisis of Industrial Statism and the Collapse of the Soviet Union 5 The Extensive Model of Economic Growth and the Limits of Hyperindustrialism 10 The Technology Question 26 The Abduction of Identity and the Crisis of Soviet Federalism 37 The Last Perestroika 46 Nationalism, Democracy, and the Disintegration of the Soviet State 56 The Scars of History, the Lessons for Theory, the Legacy for Society 62 2 The Rise of the Fourth World: Informational Capitalism, Poverty, and Social Exclusion 69 Toward a Polarized World? A Global Overview 74 The De-humanization of Africa 85 Marginalization and selective integration of Sub-Saharan Africa in the informational-global economy 85 Africa’s technological apartheid at the dawn of the Information Age 93 The predatory state 97 Zaïre: the personal appropriation of the state 100 Nigeria: oil, ethnicity, and military predation 103 Ethnic identity, economic globalization, and state formation in Africa 106 Africa’s plight 116 Africa’s hope? The South African connection 123 Out of Africa or back to Africa? The politics and economics of self-reliance 128 The New American Dilemma: Inequality, Urban Poverty, and Social Exclusion in the Information Age 130 Dual America 131 The inner-city ghetto as a system of social exclusion 142 When the underclass goes to hell 150 Globalization, Over-exploitation, and Social Exclusion: the View from the Children 154 The sexual exploitation of children 159 The killing of children: war massacres and child soldiers 162 Why children are wasted 164 Conclusion: the Black Holes of Informational Capitalism 166 3 The Perverse Connection: the Global Criminal Economy 171 Organizational Globalization of Crime, Cultural Identification of Criminals 173 The Pillage of Russia 185 The structural perspective 189 Identifying the actors 190 Mechanisms of Accumulation 193 Narcotrafico, Development, and Dependency in Latin America 198 What are the economic consequences of the drugs industry for Latin America? 202 Why Colombia? 204 The Impact of Global Crime on Economy, Politics, and Culture 209 4 Development and Crisis in the Asian Pacific: Globalization and the State 215 The Changing Fortunes of the Asian Pacific 215 Heisei’s Japan: Developmental State versus Information Society 223 A social model of the Japanese developmental process 225 Declining sun: the crisis of the Japanese model of development 236 The end of ‘‘Nagatacho politics’’ 248 Hatten Hokka and Johoka Shakai: a contradictory relationship 251 Japan and the Pacific 258 Beheading the Dragon? Four Asian Tigers with a Dragon Head, and their Civil Societies 259 Understanding Asian development 261 Singapore: state nation-building via multinational corporations 262 South Korea: the state production of oligopolistic capitalism 266 Taiwan: flexible capitalism under the guidance of an inflexible state 270 Hong Kong model versus Hong Kong reality: small business in a world economy, and the colonial version of the welfare state 274 The breeding of the tigers: commonalities and dissimilarities in their process of economic development 279 The developmental state in East Asian industrialization: on the concept of the developmental state 286 The rise of the developmental state: from the politics of survival to the process of nation-building 288 The state and civil society in the restructuring of East Asia: how the developmental state succeeded in the development process 293 Divergent paths: Asian ‘‘tigers’’ in the economic crisis 297 Democracy, identity, and development in East Asia in the 1990s 303 Chinese Developmental Nationalism with Socialist Characteristics 311 The new Chinese revolution 312 Guanxi capitalism? China in the global economy 317 China’s regional developmental states and the bureaucratic (capitalist) entrepreneurs 321 Weathering the storm? China in the Asian economic crisis 325 Democracy, development, and nationalism in the new China 328 Conclusion: Globalization and the State 337 5 The Unification of Europe: Globalization, Identity, and the Network State 342 European Unification as a Sequence of Defensive Reactions: a Half-century Perspective 344 Globalization and European Integration 352 Cultural Identity and European Unification 361 The Institutionalization of Europe: the Network State 365 European Identity or European Project? 368 Conclusion: Making Sense of our World 371 Genesis of a New World 372 A New Society 376 The New Avenues of Social Change 387 Beyond this Millennium 389 What is to be Done? 394 Finale 395 Summary of Contents of Volumes I and II 397 References 399 Index 433

About the Author :
MANUEL CASTELLS is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Planning at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also University Professor and the Wallis Annenberg Chair in Communication Technology and Society at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and Research Professor at the Open University of Catalonia in Barcelona. He is Distinguished Visiting Professor of Technology and Society at M.I.T., and Distinguished Visiting Professor of Internet Studies at Oxford University. He is the recipient of numerous academic awards, including the Guggenheim Fellowship, C. Wright Mills Award, the Robert and Helen Lynd Award from the American Sociological Association, and the Ithiel de Sola Pool Award from the American Political Science Association. He is a Fellow of the European Academy, a Fellow of the Spanish Royal Academy of Economics, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He has received 16 honorary doctorates from universities around the world, and has been knighted by five countries. He has authored 23 books, among which is the trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, first published by Blackwell in 1996–8, and translated into 22 languages.