Non-Destructive Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Non Destructive Testing Methods, Volume 2

This authoritative book provides a comprehensive review of the highly important subject of non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures. Engineers have a range of sophisticated techniques at their disposal to assess the condition of reinforced concrete structures that do not cause material damage and which usually enable the structure to be used while the surveys are carried out. Non-destructive evaluation of the infrastructure also plays a key role in calculating and prioritising where money should be spent on repair or replacement. Providing details of related techniques and case studies, this book offers an overview of how to plan and implement the NDT of reinforced concrete structures.

Table of Contents:
Introductions and references includinded with most chapters PART 1 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Planning a non-destructive test programme for reinforced concrete structures; C Maierhofer, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany Strategies for the application of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods Overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods Qualification/validation of methods Sources of further information and advice Non-destructive testing methods for building diagnosis-state of the art and future trends; C Flohrer and U Taketo, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany Tasks with the building diagnosis Efficient testing methods Examples of the application of the testing methods Future trends Development of automated non-destructive evaluation (NDE) systems for reinforced concrete structures and other applications; G Dobmann and J H Kurtz, Fraunhofer-IZFP, A Taffe, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and D Streicher, Joint Lab of Fraunhofer & BAM, Germany The innovation cycles Data acquisition, control and evaluation of automated multi-sensor systems Case studies of successful innovations in non-destructive testing (NDT) engineering Non-destructive testing for construction engineering Multiple-sensor data acquisition by the OSSCAR scanner Conclusions Acknowledgements Structural health monitoring systems for reinforced concrete structures; W R Habel, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany Demands on monitoring systems: monitoring capabilities Innovative monitoring methods Selected examples of effective and innovative monitoring technologies Reliability aspects for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems and standardization Future trends Combining the results of different non-destructive evaluation techniques for reinforced concrete: data fusion; C Maierhofer, C Kohl and K J Wöstmann, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany Combination of non-destructive testing (NDT) and minor destructive testing (MDT) methods Data fusion Fusion of radar data Fusion of radar and ultrasonic data recorded along a beam of a box girder bridge Fusion of radar and ultrasonic data at a cross beam inside a box girder bridge Sources of further information and advice Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgements PART 2 INDIVIDUAL NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES Wireless monitoring of reinforced concrete structures; M Krüger, University of Stuttgart, Germany Basic principles of wireless monitoring Definition of the monitoring task Monitoring system design and assembly Wireless monitoring systems in operation Application of intelligent wireless monitoring Conclusions and future trends Non-destructive testing of concrete with electromagnetic and acoustic-elastic waves: data analysis; K J Sandmeier, Sandmeier scientific software, Germany Similarities and differences between seismic, ultrasonic and electromagnetic wave propagation and its implications on the data processing Standard data processing Sophisticated data processing Conclusions and future trends Non-destructive testing of concrete with electromagnetic acoustic-and elastic waves: modelling and imaging; K J Langenberg & K Mayer, University of Kassel, Germany Electromagnetic and acousto-elastic waves Numerical wave field modelling for acoustic, electromagnetic and elastic waves Wave field inversion and imaging: acoustic waves Wave field inversion: electromagnetic and elastic waves Conclusions Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; G Wilsch, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and A Molkentin, Specht, Kalleja + Partner GmbH, Germany Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) fundamentals and measurement Characterization for cement, mortar and concrete Detection of specific elements: specific testing problems Limitations and reliability Acoustic emission (AE) for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; C U Große, University of Stuttgart, Germany Basics: parametric and signal-based acoustic emission (AE) analysis Sensors and instruments Source localization Source mechanisms and moment tensor analysis Applications Limitations and accuracy Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) for the non-destructive evaluation of prestressed concrete structures; G Sawade, University of Stuttgart and H J Krause, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany Magnetic method for inspection of reinforced concrete structures Description of the necessary equipment Examples from the application of the magnetic method on site Perspective: recent developments of the magnetic method for inspection of reinforced concrete Recommendations for the application of the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method Electrical resistivity for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; J-F Lataste, University of Bordeaux 1, France Physical principles and theory Use of electrical resistivity Other developments Impedance spectroscopy Capacimetry for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; X Derobert, LCPC, France Physical principle and theory Equipment Calibration Data acquisition and interpretation Applications Limitations and reliability Techniques for measuring the corrosion rate (polarization resistance) and the corrosion potential of reinforced concrete structures; C Andrade and I Martínez, Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (CSIC), Spain Principles Measurement methods How to interpret the measurements Practical application Monitoring systems Future trends: new techniques Conclusions Ground penetrating radar for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; J Hugenschmidt, EMPA, Switzerland Physical principles and theory Display formats for ground penetrating radar (GPR) data Data processing and interpretation Equipment Limitations and reliability of ground penetrating radar (GPR) Current and future trends Symbols and constants Radar tomography for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; L Zanzi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Physical principles Basic equations Resolution Equipment Acquisition procedures Data pre-processing Data inversion Artefacts Interpretation of results Examples Hints on advanced algorithms Conclusions Active thermography for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; C Maierhofer ED, M Röllig and J Schlichting, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany Physical principle and theoretical background State of the art Experimental equipment and calibration Data processing Areas of applications Future trends Guidelines and sources of further information and advice Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; B Wolter, Fraunhofer IZFP, Germany Physical background Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hardware Application possibilities Reliability and limitations Conclusions and future trends Stress wave propagation for evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; S Tesfamariam, The University of British Columbia | Okanagan and B Martín-Pérez, University of Ottawa, Canada Stress-wave propagation methods Applications Discussion and future trends Conclusions Surface wave techniques for the evaluation of concrete structures; J S Popovics, The University of Illinois, USA and O Abraham, LCPC Nantes, France Basic principles of surface waves propagation Signal processing and data presentation Equipment Field application of surface waves methods Impact-echo techniques for the evaluation of concrete structures; O Abraham, LCPC Nantes, France and J S Popovics, The University of Illinois, USA History of the development of the method Basic principles of the impact echo method Data interpretation Numerical simulations Signal processing, data presentation and imaging Equipment Impact-echo method applications Future trends Ultrasonic techniques for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; M Schickert, Institute of Materials Research and Testing (MFPA Weimar) and M Krause, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany Ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete Applications and requirements of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation Transmission methods Imaging of concrete elements Future trends Sources of further information and advice PART 3 CASE STUDIES Inspection of concrete retaining walls using ground penetrating radar (GPR): a case study; J Hugenschmidt, EMPA, Switzerland Problem description Data acquisition Data processing Results Conclusions Acoustic emission and impact echo techniques for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures: a case study; M Ohtsu, Kumamoto University, Japan Applications of acoustic emission (AE) and impact echo (IE) to concrete structures Case studies Conclusions and future trends for on-site application Using ground penetrating radar to assess an eight-span post-tensioned viaduct: a case study; X Dérobert, LCPC and B Berenger, LRPC Angers, France Context Localisation of post-tensioned ducts Gamma graphic imaging Windowing Evaluation of the structure and reinforcement proposal Localisation of post-tensioned ducts and coring Discussion on the applied methodology Acknowledgements