APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology: Volume 1: Foundations, Planning, Measures, and Psychometrics Volume 2: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biologic(APA Handbooks in Psychology® Series)

With significant new and updated content across dozens of chapters, this second edition presents the most exhaustive treatment available of the techniques psychologists and others have developed to help them pursue a shared understanding of why humans think, feel, and behave the way they do.   The initial chapters in this indispensable three-volume handbook address broad, crosscutting issues faced by researchers: the philosophical, ethical, and societal underpinnings of psychological research. Next, chapters detail the research planning process, describe the range of measurement techniques that psychologists most often use to collect data, consider how to determine the best measurement techniques for a particular purpose, and examine ways to assess the trustworthiness of measures.   Additional chapters cover various aspects of quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological research designs, presenting an array of options and their nuanced distinctions. Chapters on techniques for data analysis follow, and important issues in writing up research to share with the community of psychologists are discussed in the handbook amp rsquo s concluding chapters.   Among the newly written chapters in the second edition, the handbook amp rsquo s stellar roster of authors cover literature searching, workflow and reproducibility, research funding, neuroimaging, various facets of a wide range of research designs and data analysis methods, and updated information on the publication process, including research data management and sharing, questionable practices in statistical analysis, and ethical issues in manuscript preparation and authorship.

Table of Contents:
Volume . Foundations, Planning, Measures, and Psychometrics Editorial Board About the Editors Contributors A Note from the Publisher Introduction: Objectives of Psychological Research and Their Relations to Research Methods Part I. Philosophical, Ethical, and Societal Underpinnings of Psychological Research Section . Philosophical Issues for Research in Psychology Chapter . Perspectives on the Epistemological Bases for Qualitative Research Carla Willig Chapter 2. Frameworks for Causal Inference in Psychological Science Peter M. Steiner, William R. Shadish, and Kristynn J. Sullivan Section 2. Ethical and Professional Considerations in Conducting Psychological Research Chapter 3. Ethics in Psychological Research: Guidelines and Regulations Adam L. Fried and Kate L. Jansen Chapter 4. Ethics and Regulation of Research With Nonhuman Animals Sangeeta Panicker, Chana K. Akins, and Beth Ann Rice Section 3. Cultural and Societal Issues in Conducting Psychological Research Chapter 5. Cross-Cultural Research Methods David Masumoto and Fons J. R. van de Vijver Chapter .Research With Populations that Experience Marginalization George P. Knight, Rebecca M. B. White, Stefanie Martinez-Fuentes, Mark W. Roosa, and Adriana J. Uma amp ntilde a-Taylor Part II. Planning Research Chapter 7. Developing Testable and Important Research Questions Frederick T. L. Leong, Neal Schmitt, and Brent J. Lyons Chapter 8. Searching With a Purpose: How to Use Literature Searching to Support Your Research Diana Ramirez and Margaret J. Foster Chapter 9. Psychological Measurement: Scaling and Analysis Heather Hayes and Susan E. Embretson Chapter . Sample Size Planning Ken Kelley, Samantha F. Anderson, and Scott E. Maxwell Chapter . Workflow and Reproducibility Oliver Kirchkamp Chapter 2. Obtaining and Evaluating Research Funding Jonathan S. Comer and Amanda L. Sanchez Part III. Measurement Methods Section . Behavior Observation Chapter 3. Behavioral Observation Roger Bakeman and Vicen amp ccedil Quera Section 2. Self-Report Chapter 4. Question Order Effects Lisa Lee, Parvati Krishnamurty, and Struther Van Horn Chapter 5. Interviews and Interviewing Techniques Anna Madill Chapter . Using Intensive Longitudinal Methods in Psychological Research Masumi Iida, Patrick E. Shrout, Jean-Philippe Laurenceau, and Niall Bolger Chapter 7. Automated Analyses of Natural Language in Psychological Research Laura K. Allen, Arthur C. Graesser, and Danielle S. McNamara Section 3. Psychological Tests Chapter 8. Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory and Research David Watson Chapter 9. Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Testing Kurt F. Geisinger Chapter 2 . The Current Status of amp quot Projective amp quot amp quot Tests amp quot Robert E. McGrath, Alec Twibell, and Elizabeth J. Carroll Chapter 2 . Brief Instruments and Short Forms Emily A. Atkinson, Carolyn M. Pearson Carter, Jessica L. Combs Rohr, and Gregory T. Smith Section 4. Chronometric and Psychophysical Measures Chapter 22. Eye Movements, Pupillometry, and Cognitive Processes Simon P. Liversedge, Sara V. Milledge, and Hazel I. Blythe Chapter 23. Response Times Roger Ratcliff Chapter 24. Psychophysics: Concepts, Methods, and Frontiers Allie C. Hexley, Takuma Morimoto, and Manuel Spitschan Section 5. Measures in Psychophysiology Chapter 25. The Perimetric Physiological Measurement of Psychological Constructs Louis G. Tassinary, Ursula Hess, Luis M. Carcoba, and Joseph M. Orr Chapter 2 . Salivary Hormone Assays Linda Becker, Nicholas Rohleder, and Oliver C. Schultheiss Section . Measures in Neuroscience Chapter 27. Electro- and Magnetoencephalographic Methods in Psychology Eddie Harmon-Jones, David M. Amodio, Philip A. Gable, and Suzanne Dikker Chapter 28. Event-Related Potentials Steven J. Luck Chapter 29. Functional Neuroimaging Megan T. deBettencourt, Wilma A. Bainbridge, Monica D. Rosenberg Chapter 3 . Noninvasive Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex Dennis J. L. G. Schutter Chapter 3 . Combined Neuroimaging Methods Marius Moisa and Christian C. Ruff Chapter 32. Neuroimaging Analysis Methods Yanyu Xiong and Sharlene D. Newman Part IV. Psychometrics Chapter 33. Reliability Sean P. Lane, Elizabeth N. Aslinger, and Patrick E. Shrout Chapter 34. Generalizability Theory Xiaohong Gao and Deborah J. Harris Chapter 35. Construct Validity Kevin J. Grimm and Keith F. Widaman Chapter 3 . Item-Level Factor Nisha C. Gottfredson, Brian D. Stucky, and A. T. Panter Chapter 37. Item Response Theory Steven P. Reise and Tyler M. Moore Chapter 38. Measuring Test Performance With Signal Detection Theory Techniques Teresa A. Treat and Richard J. Viken Volume 2. Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological Editorial Board Contributors Part I. Qualitative Research Methods Section . Overview of Qualitative Methods Chapter . Developments in Qualitative Inquiry Sarah Riley and Andrea LaMarre Chapter 2. Metasynthesis of Qualitative Research Sally Thorne Section 2. Thematic Approaches Chapter 3. Grounded Theory and Psychological Research Robert Thornberg, Elaine Keane, and Malgorzata W amp oacute jcik Chapter 4. Thematic Analysis Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke Chapter 5. Phenomenological Methodology, Methods, and Procedures for Research in Psychology Frederick J. Wertz Section 3. Narrative and Language-Based Approaches Chapter . Narrative Analysis Javier Monforte and Brett Smith Chapter 7. Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis Paul ten Have Chapter 8. Discourse Analysis and Discursive Psychology Chris McVittie and Andy McKinlay Section 4. Multilayered Approaches Chapter 9. Ethnography in Psychological Research Elizabeth Fein and Jonathan Yahalom Chapter . Visual Research in Psychology Paula Reavey, Jon Prosser, and Steven D. Brown Chapter . Researching the Temporal Karen Henwood and Fiona Shirani Part II. Working Across Epistemologies, Methodologies, and Methods Chapter 2. Mixed Methods Research in Psychology Timothy C. Guetterman and Analay Perez Chapter 3. The amp quot Cases Within Trials amp quot (CWT) Method: An Example of a Mixed-Methods Research Design Daniel B. Fishman Chapter 4. Researching With American Indian and Alaska Native Communities: Pursuing Partnerships for Psychological Inquiry in Service to Indigenous Futurity Joseph P. Gone Chapter 5. Participatory Action Research as Movement Toward Radical Relationality, Epistemic Justice, and Transformative Intervention: A Multivocal Reflection Urmitapa Dutta, Jesica Siham Fern amp aacute ndez, Anne Galletta, and Regina Day Langhout Part III. Sampling Across People and Time Chapter . Introduction to Survey Sampling Roger Tourangeau and Ting Yan Chapter 7. Epidemiology Rumi Kato Price and Heidi H. Tastet Chapter 8. Collecting Longitudinal Data: Present Issues and Future Challenges Simran K. Johal, Rohit Batra, and Emilio Ferrer Chapter 9. Using the Internet to Collect Data Ulf-Dietrich Reips Part IV. Building and Testing Models Chapter 2 . Statistical Mediation Analysis David P. MacKinnon, Jeewon Cheong, Angela G. Pirlott, and Heather L. Smyth Chapter 2 . Structural Equation Modeling with Latent Variables Rick H. Hoyle and Nisha C. Gottfredson Chapter 22. Mathematical Psychology Parker Smith, Yanjun Liu, James T. Townsend, and Trisha Van Zandt Chapter 23. Computational Modeling Adele Diederich Chapter 24. Fundamentals of Bootstrapping and Monte Carlo Methods William Howard Beasley, Patrick O'Keefe, and Joseph Lee Rodgers Chapter 25. Designing Simulation Studies Xitao Fan Chapter 2 . Bayesian Modeling for Psychologists: An Applied Approach Fred M. Feinberg and Richard Gonzalez Part V. Designs Involving Experimental Manipulations Section . Designs With Different Participant Assignment Mechanisms Chapter 27. Randomized Designs in Psychological Research Larry Christensen, Lisa A. Turner, and R. Burke Johnson Chapter 28. Nonequivalent Comparison Group Designs Henry May and Zachary K. Collier Chapter 29. Regression Discontinuity Designs Charles S. Reichardt and Gary T. Henry Section 2. Experimental Manipulations in Applied Settings Chapter 3 . Treatment Validity for Intervention Studies Dianne L. Chambless and Steven D. Hollon Chapter 3 . Translational Research Michael T. Bardo, Christopher Cappelli, and Mary Ann Pentz Chapter 32. Program Evaluation: Outcomes and Costs of Putting Psychology to Work Brian T. Yates Part VI. Quantitative Research Designs Involving Single Participants or Units Chapter 33. Single-Case Experimental Design John M. Ferron, Megan Kirby, and Lodi Lipien Chapter 34. Time Series Designs Bradley J. Bartos, Richard McCleary, and David McDowall Part VII. Designs in Neuropsychology and Biological Psychology Section . Neuropsychology Chapter 35. Case Studies in Neuropsychology Randi C. Martin, Simon Fischer-Baum, and Corinne M. Pettigrew Chapter 3 . Group Studies in Experimental Neuropsychology Avinash R Vaidya, Maia Pujara, and Lesley K. Fellows Section 2. Genetic Methods in Psychology Chapter 37. Genetic Methods in Psychology Terrell A. Hicks, Daniel Bustamante, Karestan C. Koenen, Nicole R. Nugent, and Ananda B. Amstadter Chapter 38. Human Genetic Epidemiology Floris Huider, Lannie Ligthart, Yuri Milaneschi, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, and Dorret I. Boomsma Volume 3. Data Analysis and Research Publication Editorial Board Contributors Part I. Quantitative Data Analysis Section . Preparing Data for Analysis Chapter . Methods for Dealing With Bad Data and Inadequate Models: Distributions, Linear Models, and Beyond Rand R. Wilcox and Guillaume A. Rousselet Chapter 2. Maximum Likelihood and Multiple Imputation Missing Data Handling: How They Work, and How to Make Them Work in Practice Timothy Hayes and Craig K. Enders Chapter 3. Exploratory Data Analysis Paul F. Velleman and David C. Hoaglin Section 2. Describing Data Chapter 4. Graphic Displays of Data Leland Wilkinson Chapter 5. Estimating and Visualizing Interactions in Moderated Multiple Regression Connor J. McCabe and Kevin M. King Chapter . Effect Size Estimation Michael Borenstein Chapter 7. Measures of Clinically Significant Change Russell J. Bailey, Benjamin M. Ogles, and Michael J. Lambert Section 3. Methods With Single Outcomes Chapter 8. Analysis of Variance and the General Linear Model James Jaccard and Ai Bo Chapter 9. Generalized Linear Models David Rindskopf Chapter . Multilevel Modeling for Psychologists John B. Nezlek Section 4. Methods With Outcomes Measured Over Time Chapter . Longitudinal Data Analysis Andrew K. Littlefield Chapter 2. Event History Analysis Fetene B. Tekle and Jeroen K. Vermunt Chapter 3. Latent State-Trait Models Rolf Steyer, Christian Geiser, and Christiane Lo amp szlig ​nitzer Chapter 4. Latent Variable Modeling of Continuous Growth David A. Cole, Jeffrey A. Ciesla, and Qimin Liu Chapter 5. Dynamical Systems and Differential Equation Models of Change Steven M. Boker and Robert G. Moulder Chapter . A Multivariate Growth Curve Model for Three-Level Data Patrick J. Curran, Chris L. Strauss, Ethan M. McCormick, and James S. McGinley Section 5. Multivariate Methods Chapter 7. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Keith F. Widaman and Jonathan Lee Helm Chapter 8. Latent Class and Latent Profile Models Brian P. Flaherty, Liying Wang, and Cara J. Kiff Chapter 9. Decision Trees and Ensemble Methods in the Behavioral Sciences Kevin J. Grimm, Ross Jacobucci, and John J. McArdle Section . Dyadic and Social Network Data Chapter 2 . Using the Social Relations Model to Understand Interpersonal Perception and Behavior P. Niels Christensen, Deborah A. Kashy, and Katelin E. Leahy Chapter 2 . Dyadic Data Analysis Richard Gonzalez and Dale Griffin Section 7. Using Data Collected by Others Chapter 22. The Data of Others: New and Old Faces of Archival Research Sophie Pychlau and David T. Wagner Chapter 23. Social Network Analysis in Psychology: Recent Breakthroughs in Methods and Theories Wei Wang, Tobias Stark, James D. Westaby, Adam K. Parr, and Daniel A. Newman Chapter 24. Meta-Analysis Jeffrey C. Valentine, Therese D. Pigott, and Joseph Morris Part II. Publishing and the Publication Process Chapter 25. Research Data Management and Sharing Katherine G. Akers and John A. Borghi Chapter 2 . Questionable Practices in Statistical Analysis Rex B. Kline Chapter 27. Ethical Issues in Manuscript Preparation and Authorship Jennifer Crocker

About the Author :
Harris Cooper, PhD, is the Hugo L. Blomquist Professor, Emeritus, in the department of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. His research interests concern research synthesis and research methodology, and he also studies the application of social and developmental psychology to education policy. His book Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach (2 7) is in its fifth edition. He is the coeditor of the Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (3rd ed. 2 9). In 2 7, Dr. Cooper was the recipient of the Frederick Mosteller Award for Contributions to Research Synthesis Methodology, and in 2 8 he received the Ingram Olkin Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Research Synthesis from the Society for Research Synthesis Methodology. He served as the chair of the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at Duke University from 2 9 to 2 4, and from 2 7 to 2 8 he served as the dean of social science at Duke. Dr. Cooperchaired the first APA committee that developed guidelines for information about research that should be included in manuscripts submitted to APA journals. He currently serves as the editor of American Psychologist, the flagship journal of the American Psychological Association.   Marc N. Coutanche, PhD, is an associate professor of psychology and research scientist in the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Coutanche directs a program of cognitive neuroscience research and develops and tests new computational techniques to identify and understand the neural information present within neuroimaging data. His work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, American Psychological Foundation, and other organizations, and he has published in a variety of journals. Dr. Coutanche received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania, and conducted postdoctoral training at Yale University. He received a Howard Hughes Medical Institute International Student Research Fellowship and Ruth L. Kirschstein Postdoctoral National Research Service Award, and was named a 2 9 Rising Star by the Association for Psychological Science.    Linda M. McMullen, PhD, is professor emerita of psychology at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Over her career, she has contributed to the development of qualitative inquiry in psychology through teaching, curriculum development, and pedagogical scholarship original research and service to the qualitative research community. Dr. McMullen introduced qualitative inquiry into both the graduate and undergraduate curriculum in her home department, taught courses at both levels for many years, and has published articles, coedited special issues, and written a book (Essentials of Discursive Psychology) that is part of the American Psychological Association amp rsquo s series on qualitative methodologies, among other works. She has been engaged with building the Society for Qualitative Inquiry in Psychology (SQIP a section of Division 5 of the APA) into a vibrant scholarly society since its earliest days, and took on many leadership roles while working as a university professor. Dr. McMullen amp rsquo s contributions have been recognized by Division 5 of the APA, the Canadian Psychological Association, and the Saskatchewan Psychological Association.   Abigail Panter, PhD, is the senior associate dean for undergraduate education and a professor of psychology in the L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is past president of the American Psychological Association amp rsquo s Division 5, Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. As a quantitative psychologist, she develops instruments, research designs and data-analytic strategies for applied research questions in higher education, personality, and health. She serves as a program evaluator for UNC amp rsquo s Chancellor amp rsquo s Science Scholars Program, and was also principal investigator for The Finish Line Project, a $3 million grant from the U.S. Department of Education that systematically investigated new supports and academic initiatives, especially for first-generation college students. Her books include the APA Dictionary of Statistics and Research Methods (2 4), the APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology (first edition 2 2), the Handbook of Ethics in Quantitative Methodology (2 ), and the SAGE Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology (2 4), among others. David Rindskopf, PhD, is distinguished professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, specializing in research methodology and statistics. His main interests are in Bayesian statistics, causal inference, categorical data analysis, meta-analysis, and latent variable models. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and the American Educational Research Association, and is past president of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology and the New York Chapter of the American Statistical Association. Kenneth J. Sher, PhD, is Chancellor amp rsquo s Professor and Curators amp rsquo Distinguished Professor of Psychological Sciences, Emeritus, at the University of Missouri. He received his PhD in clinical psychology from Indiana University ( 98 ) and his clinical internship training at Brown University ( 98 ). His primary areas of research focus on etiological processes in the development of alcohol dependence, factors that affect the course of drinking and alcohol use disorders throughout adulthood, longitudinal research methodology, psychiatric comorbidity, and nosology. At the University of Missouri he directed the predoctoral and postdoctoral training program in alcohol studies, and his research has been continually funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for more than 35 years. Dr. Sher amp rsquo s research contributions have been recognized by professional societies including the Research Society on Alcoholism and the American Psychological Association, and throughout his career he has been heavily involved in service to professional societies and scholarly publications.