Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

Written in a clear, concise style, Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes provides an introduction to the basic principles and calculation techniques that are fundamental to the field. The text focuses on problems in material and energy balances in relation to chemical reactors and introduces software that employs numerical methods to solve these problems. Upon mastery of this material, readers will be able to: Understand basic processing terminology (batch, semibatch, continuous, purge, and recycle) and standard operations (reaction, distillation, absorption, extraction, and filtration) Draw and fully label a flowchart for a given process description Choose a convenient basis for calculation for both single- and multiple-unit processes Identify possible subsystems for which material and energy balances might be written Perform a degree of freedom analysis for the overall system and each possible subsystem, formulating the appropriate material and energy balance equations Apply the first law of thermodynamics, calculate energy and enthalpy changes, and construct energy balances on closed and open systems Written as a text to fully meet the needs of advanced undergraduate students, it is also suitable as a reference for chemical engineers with its wide coverage across the biochemical and electromechanical fields. Each chapter of the text provides examples, case studies, and end-of-chapter problems, and the accompanying CD-ROM contains software designed for solving problems in chemical engineering.

Table of Contents:
Introduction At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Definition of Chemical Engineering Material and Energy Balances Values, Units, and Dimensions Systems of Units Unit Conversion Time Mass Length Volume Density Force Pressure Energy Power Weight Dimensional Homogeneity Significant Figures Multiplication and Division Addition and Subtraction Process and Process Variables Density, Mass, and Volume Flow Rate Moles and Molecular Weight Mass Fraction and Mole Fraction Concentration Pressure Types of Pressure Manometers for Pressure and DP Measurement Temperature Measurement Converting Temperatures Ideal Gas Law Standard Temperature and Pressure Process Classification Problems Process Classification Types of Processes Unit Conversion Flowrate through Horizontal Pipe Molar Flow Rate Dimensional Homogeneity Calculation of Mass for Specific Gravity and Volume Convert of Equation to Other Units Further Readings Process Units and Degrees of Freedom Analysis At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Degree of Freedom Analysis Possible Outcomes of the DFA Sources of Equations Process Units: Basic Functions Divider=Splitter Mixer (Blender) Dryer (Direct Heating) Filter Distillation Column Evaporator Dehumidification Humidifier Leaching and Extraction Absorption (Gas Absorption) Desorption Partial Condenser Flash Vaporizer and Flash Distillation Crystallizer Reactors (Chemical Reactor, Combustor, Furnace, and Reformer) Batch Reactor Plug Flow and Packed Bed Reactor Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor and Fluidized Bed Reactor Summary of Degree of Freedom Analysis Problems Absorption of Acetone from Air Separation of Liquid Mixture Absorber–Stripper Process Filtration Processes Evaporation Processes Further Readings Material Balance in Single Unit Processes At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to General Material Balance Equation Material Balance Simplifications Flowcharts Note on Notation Problems Involving Material Balances on a Single Unit Material Balance Fundamentals Classification of Processes Based on How the Process Varies with Time Based on How the Process was Designed to Operate Types of Balances Stream Specifications Scaling Basis for Calculation Basis for Calculation Method for Solving Material Balance Problems Material Balance on Bioprocesses Problems Separation of Ethanol–Methanol Process Stream Wet Leather Drying Process Separation of Ethanol–Methanol–Propanol Mixture Ethanol–Water Separation Mixing of Hydrochloric Acid with Water Removal of Acetone from Nitrogen Using an Absorber Separation of Benzene=Toluene Mixture Dilution of Methanol Mixture Humidification Chamber Absorption of Water from a Gas Mixture Drying of Wet Sugar Further Readings Multiple-Unit Process Calculations At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Multiple-Unit Process Calculations Recycle, Bypass, Makeup, and Purge Recycle Bypass Purge Makeup Problems Separations of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene Mixtures Filtration Processes Concentration of Orange Juice Separation of NaCl and KCl Mixture Sulfur Removal System Separation of DMF–Nitrogen Mixture Separation of Benzene–Toluene Mixture Separation of Potassium Nitrate Production of Instant Coffee Further Readings Material Balances in Reactive Processes At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Amount of Substance in Moles Why Use the Mole? General Material Balance Differential Balance Integral Balance Stoichiometry Basics Stoichiometric Equation Stoichiometric Coefficients (ni) Stoichiometric Ratio Limiting and Excess Reactants Fractional Conversion Methods of Solving Material Balances Involving Chemical Reactions Extent of Reaction Method Element or Atomic Balance Method Molecular or Component Balance Approach Multiple Reactions and Extent of Reaction Degree of Freedom Analysis for Reactive Processes Molecular Species Balances and Extent of Reaction Atomic Species Balances Independent Chemical Reactions Independent Species Balances Chemical Equilibrium Combustion Reactions Theoretical and Excess Air Problems Incomplete Combustion of Butane Complete Combustion of Butane Methane Combustion Burning Ethyl Ketone with Excess Air Roasting of Iron Pyrite Water–Gas Shift Reaction Production of Sulfuric Acid Further Readings Multiple Systems Involve Reaction, Recycle, and Purge At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Reaction with Product Separation and Recycle Reaction with Recycle and Purge Flowsheet for Reaction with Recycle Flowsheet for Reaction with Recycle and Purge Reaction and Multiple-Unit Steady-State Processes Auxiliary Relationship Problems Chemical Reactor Analysis Laundry Detergent Synthesis Process Butanol Production Hydrodealkylation Process Uranium and Zirconium as Nuclear Fuels Further Readings Energy Balance without Reaction At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Enthalpy and Energy Balances How Does Energy Move Across Systems? Forms of Energy Kinetic Energy (Ek) Potential Energy (Ep) Internal Energy (U) Intensive versus Extensive Variables Transfer of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Energy Balances on Closed Systems Possible Simplifications on Energy Balance in a Closed System Energy Balances in Open Systems at Steady State Possible Simplifications on Energy Balance in an Open System Enthalpy Calculations Reference States and State Properties Use of Linear Interpolation in Steam Tables Enthalpy Change in Nonreactive Processes Enthalpy Change as a Result of Temperature Change Enthalpy Change because of Phase Changes Enthalpy Change because of Mixing Energy Balance on Bioprocesses Psychrometric Chart Summary on Energy Balances without Reactions Problems Vaporization of Liquid Methanol Heating of Propane Expansion of Wet Steam Open System Energy Balance (Heating of Methanol) Open System Energy Balance (Heating of Liquid Methanol) Vaporization of Liquid n-Hexane Closed System Energy Balance (Heating of Acetone) Open System Energy Balance (Power Output of Turbine) Open System Energy Balance (Power Requirement of Compressor) Further Readings Energy Balances with Reaction At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Introduction Heats of Reaction Heats of Reaction Using the Extent of Reaction Notes on Heats of Reaction Reactions in Closed Processes Measurement of Heats of Reaction Hess’s Law Calculating Heat of Reaction () from Heats of Formation Calculating D Hr from Heats of Combustion Energy Balances on Reactive Processes Heat of Reaction Method Heat of Formation Method: Process Path General Procedure for Energy Balances with Reaction Processes with Unknown Outlet Conditions Energy Balances in Bioprocess Problems Estimation of Heat of Reaction Production of Superheated Steam Ammonia Synthesis Process Catalytic Transalkylation of Toluene to Benzene Combustion of Methane Anaerobic Yeast Fermentation Further Readings Combined Material and Energy Balances At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Material Balances Conversion Yield Selectivity Extent of Reaction () Energy Balances Heat of Reaction Method Heat of Formation Method Concept of Atomic Balances Mathematical Formulation of the Atom Balance Degree of Freedom Analysis for the Atom Balance Implementing Recycle on the Separation Process Problems Mixing of Hot and Cold Ethanol Combustion of Acetylene Dehydrogenation of Ethanol Independent Chemical Reaction Cumene Synthesizes Process Dehydrogenation of Propane Further Readings Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to Unsteady-State Material Balance Unsteady-State Energy Balance Problems Fluid Flow from Storage Tank Boiling of Water Heating Using Saturated Steam Heating a Solvent in a Stirred Tank Concentration of Reactant as a Function of Time Further Readings Appendix Index

About the Author :
UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada