Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials and Chemistry

The next several years will see an emergence of hydrogen fuel cells as an alternative energy option in both transportation and domestic use. A vital area of this technological breakthrough is hydrogen storage. The design and selection of the materials is critical to the correct and long-term functioning of fuel cells and must be tailored to the type of fuel cell. The book looks in detail at each type of fuel cell and the specific material requirements and challenges. The text covers storage technologies, hydrogen containment materials, hydrogen futures and storage system design. It analyzes porous storage materials, metal hydrides, and complex hydrides as well as chemical hydrides and hydrogen interactions.

Table of Contents:
PART 1 INTRODUCTION Hydrogen Storage Technologies G Walker, the University of Nottingham, UK Introduction. High pressure gas storage. Liquid hydrogen. Physically bound hydrogen. Chemically bound hydrogen. Hydrolytic evolution of hydrogen. Summary. References. Hydrogen Futures: Emerging Technologies for Hydrogen Storage and Transport P Ekins, Policy Studies Institute and P Bellaby, University of Salford, UK Introduction. Hydrogen technologies. Hydrogen scenarios: from production to applications. Hydrogen economics. Hydrogen end-use applications. Public acceptability of hydrogen. Policy implications. Conclusions. References. Hydrogen Containment Materials B Somerday and C San Marchi, Sandia National Laboratories, USA Introduction. Materials challenges in hydrogen containment. Hydrogen permeation. Hydrogen embrittlement. Service experience with structured materials for hydrogen containment. Materials used in the design of hydrogen containment structures. Future trends. Other sources. References. Solid-State Hydrogen Storage System Design D Dedrick, Sandia National Laboratories, USA Introduction. The behaviour of solid-state hydrogen storage materials in systems. Thermodynamic properties of hydrogen storage materials. Thermal properties of hydrogen storage materials. System heat exchange design. Safe systems design. Enabling safe systems based on hydrogen sorption materials. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. PART 2 ANALYSING HYDROGEN INTERACTIONS Structural Characterisation of Hydride Materials B C Hauback, Institute for Energy Technology, Norway Introduction. Principles of diffraction. X-ray and neutron diffraction. The use of powder diffraction data. Examples of structures and results from powder diffraction studies. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. Neutron Scattering Techniques for Analysing Solid-State Hydrogen Storage K Ross, University of Salford, UK Introduction. The neutron scattering method. Studies of light metal hydrides. Studies of molecular hydrogen trapping in porous materials. The basic theory of neutron scattering. Theory of inelastic neutron scattering. Inelastic scattering measurements on solid state hydrides. Inelastic neutron scattering from molecular hydrogen trapped on surfaces. Quasi-elastic scattering from hydrogen diffusing in hydrides. Conclusions. References. Reliably Measuring Hydrogen Uptake in Storage materials E Gray, Griffith University, Australia Introduction. Compressibilities of hydrogen and deuterium. Measurement regimes. Measurement techniques. System characterisation. The sample volume problem. The variable-volume hydrogenator. Summary and conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Modelling of Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage J Iñiguez, Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Spain Introduction. Hydrogen interactions with carbons: physisorption and chemisorption. Predictions for hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures coated with light transition metals. Conclusions and future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. PART 3 PHYSICALLY-BOUND HYDROGEN STORAGE Storage of Hydrogen in Zeolites P Anderson, University of Birmingham, UK Introduction. Hydrogen encapsulation at high temperatures. Low-temperature physisorption. Storage at room temperature: encapsulation, physisorption, chemisorption and spillover. Spectroscopic studies. Theoretical studies and modelling. Other potential applications of zeolites in a hydrogen energy system. Prospects for the use of zeolites in a hydrogen energy system. Acknowledgements. References. Carbon Nanostructures for Hydrogen Storage R Chahine and P Benard, Institut de recherché sur l’hydrogène, Canada Introduction. Storage of hydrogen in solids. Carbon nanostructures and hydrogen storage. Supercritical adsorption in nanoporous materials. Theory. Adsorption of hydrogen on activated carbons and carbon nanostructures. Beyond carbon nanostructures. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Metal-Organic Framework Materials for Hydrogen Storage X Lin, J Jia, N Champness P Hubberstey and M Schröder, School of Chemistry, Nottingham Introduction. Hydrogen storage in particular metal organic framework (MOF) materials. Interactions of H2 with MOFs: experiments and modelling. Conclusions and future trends. References. PART 4 CHEMICALLY-BOUND HYDROGEN STORAGE Intermetallics for Hydrogen Storage D Chandra, University of Nevada, USA Introduction. Metal hydrides. Long-term stability of metal hydrides. Intrinsic testing of intermetallic hydrides. Extrinsic testing of intermetallic hydrides. Extrinsic cycling of complex hydrides. Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Magnesium Hydride for Hydrogen Storage D Grant, University of Nottingham, Nottingham Introduction. Background to magnesium and magnesium hydride. Thermodynamics and hydride mechanisms. Ball milling to improve hydrogen sorption behaviour. Metal and alloy additives. Metal oxide catalysts. Kinetic models of hydrogen absorption. Conclusions and future trends. References. Alanates ss Hydrogen Storage Materials C Jensen, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii, M Y Chou and Y Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Introduction. Atomic structure of alanates. Dehydrogenation and re-hydrogenation reactions in alanates. Density-functional assessment of alkali and alkaline-earth alanates. Future trends. Conclusions. References. Borohydrides ss Hydrogen Storage Methods S Orimo and Y Nakamori, Tohoku University, Japan Introduction. Synthesis of borohydrides. Structure of borohydrides. Dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation reactions. Future trends. Acknowledgements. References. Imides and Amides as Hydrogen Storage Methods D H Gregory, University of Glasgow, UK Introduction. The lithium – nitrogen – hydrogen system. Imides and amides. Mixed metal imides and amides. Future trends and conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Multicomponent Hydrogen Storage Systems G Walker, The University of Nottingham, UK Introduction. Thermodynamic destabilisation. Complex hydride – metal hydride systems. Complex hydride – non-hydride systems. Complex hydride – complex hydride systems. Other destabilisation multicomponent systems. Future trends. References. Organic Liquid Carriers for Hydrogen Storage M Ichikawa, Hokkaido University, Japan Introduction. Organic hydrides: chemistry and reactions for hydrogen storage and supply. Spray-pulsed reactors for efficient hydrogen supply by organic hydrides. Hydrogen storage and supply by organic hydrides. Hydrogen delivery using organic hydrides for fuel-cell cars and domestic power systems. High-density electric power delivery using organic hydride carriers. Rechargeable direct fuel cells using organic hydrides. Hydrogen delivery networks using organic hydrides. References. Indirect Hydrogen Storage in Metal Ammines T Vegge, R Z Sørensen, A Klerke, J S Hummelshøj, T Johannessen, J K Nørskov and C H Christensen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Introduction. Indirect hydrogen storage in ammonia. Compact storage in solid metal ammine materials. Selecting metal ammine storage materials. Nano to macro-scale design of metal ammines. Commercial applications and future trends. References. Conclusion: Technological Challenges In Hydrogen Storage G Walker, University of Nottingham,UK Challenges in hydrogen applications. Challenges in materials for storage. Conclusions. References.

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The University of Nottingham, England, UK